外源水杨酸对龙须菜生长及生理的影响

以龙须菜Gracilaria lemaneiformis为材料,研究了不同质量浓度水杨酸对龙须菜的生长速率、渗透调节物质、抗氧化酶、藻胆蛋白和叶绿素荧光动力学特性等的影响。结果表明,外施水杨酸可以促进龙须菜的生长,其中水杨酸质量浓度为10 μg/mL的处理组对促进龙须菜的生长效果最好,其日相对生长速率达到6.92%/d,比对照组的相对生长速率增长了26.3%。在用水杨酸处理后的第3天,水杨酸质量浓度为10 μg/mL处理组的各指标达到最大,脯氨酸增长了32.5%、SOD增长了24.3%、藻红蛋白增加了24.6%。同时水杨酸促进了Ca²⁺和K⁺离子在龙须菜藻体内的积累速率。用水杨酸处理后,叶绿素荧光参数ΦPSⅡ在处理后的第5天开始增长,比对照组增长了9.6%;F_v/F_o在第5天达到最大值,比对照组增长了5.6%。本研究表明,适当质量浓度的水杨酸有利于提高龙须菜的生长速率,其中水杨酸质量浓度为10 μg/mL的处理组对龙须菜的处理效果最好。     

Selection for growth performance of tank-reared Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

Seven growth-related traits were measured to assess the selection response and genetic parameters of the growth of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, which had been domesticated in tanks for more than four generations. Phenotypic and genetic parameters were evaluated and fitted to an animal model. Realized response was measured from the difference between the mean growth rates of selected and control families. Realized heritability was determined from the ratio of the selection responses and selection differentials. The animal model heritability estimate over generations was 0.44±0.09 for body weight (BW), and ranged from 0.21±0.08 to 0.37±0.06 for size traits. Genetic correlations of phenotypic traits were more variable (0.51–0.97), although correlations among various traits were high (>0.83). Across generations, BW and size traits increased, while selection response and heritability gradually decreased. Selection responses were 12.28%-23.35% for harvest weight and 3.58%–13.53% for size traits. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.34±0.09 to 0.48±0.15 for harvest weight and 0.17±0.01–0.38±0.11 for size traits. All phenotypic and genetic parameters differed between various treatments. To conclude, the results demonstrated a potential for mass selection of growth traits in L. vannamei. A breeding scheme could use this information to integrate the effectiveness constituent traits into an index to achieve genetic progress.     

海水冲厕污水处理技术研究进展

利用海水冲厕是缓解沿海城市淡水紧缺的有效措施之一,文章简要介绍了海水冲厕污水的生化、自然生物和物化处理技术的研究进展,主要有传统活性污泥法、SBR工艺、稳定塘、絮凝法强化一极处理技术．对各种方法的优缺点进行了探讨,相出了它们的发展前景．     

Significant population genetic structuring of the holoplanktic scyphozoan Pelagia noctiluca in the Atlantic Ocean

Pelagia noctiluca is thought to have a global distribution, yet our understanding of genetic connectivity across the range of this problem animal is poor. Here, we investigate the genetic structure of populations off southern Africa using mitochondrial COI and nuclear ITS1 and ITS2 genes, and compare the results to recent work conducted in the North-East Atlantic. Analyses showed significant differentiation between the southern and northern Atlantic population groups (COI Φ _st = 0.72, ITS2 Φ _st = 0.23, p < 0.001), which suggests historical rather than contemporary gene flow. Southern African samples showed high haplotypic (h = 1) and low nucleotide (π = 0.008) diversity, similar to those from Europe. Phylogenetic analyses suggest South African samples to have diverged earlier than those from the northern Atlantic.     

Molecular research on the systematically challenging smoothhound shark genus Mustelus: a synthesis of the past 30 years

The species-rich genus Mustelus (smoothhounds) of the shark family Triakidae is one of the most bio-economically important groups of elasmobranchs in the world’s oceans. Despite the commercial value of Mustelus, the systematics of the group remains largely unresolved and there is no global review or synthesis of knowledge about the conservation status and conservation genetics of smoothhounds across all oceanic regions. Here, we analysed published studies as well as grey literature to gain insight into the biogeographic, ecological and behavioural factors that shape genetic diversity in smoothhounds, and we identify critical knowledge gaps. From a series of molecular phylogenetic studies it can be inferred that the genus Mustelus is paraphyletic and that the aplacental species evolved secondarily from the placental species of the genus. The increasing availability of genetic data aids in disentangling systematic issues, such that more meaningful morphological characters can be chosen for use in practical field-identification keys for co-occurring smoothhounds. An integrative taxonomic approach to the genus Mustelus may offer the best chance of recording and protecting the biodiversity of these sharks. Furthermore, it is evident that different smoothhound species exhibit unique gene-flow patterns, suggesting varying rates within species and hence that species-level conservation approaches would be most appropriate. Molecular studies have advanced our understanding of smoothhound biology (including reproductive traits), ecology and evolution. While many knowledge gaps remain, a crucial lesson from this review is that, when doing assessments on a molecular level, it is important to place genetic results in a broader context, by assimilating biological and ecological data, if definitive conclusions are to be drawn.     

利用光谱反射率估算叶片生化组分和籽粒品质指标研究

对可见光至短波红外波段(350—2500nm)冬小麦田间冠层光谱反射率与叶片含氮量间的关系进行了相关分析。结果表明，820—1100nm波段的光谱反射率与叶片含氮量极显著正相关；1150—1300hm波段的光谱反射率与叶片含氮量显著正相关，以上两波段为叶片全氮的敏感波段。对各生育时期叶片全氮与其他生化组分的关系进行了回归分析，并建立了相关的回归方程，显著性检验结果表明，方程具有较高的可靠性。小麦的叶片含氮量可以估算其它生化组分及干物质指标含量，开花期叶片含氮量可用来估测籽粒蛋白质和干面筋等品质指标含量。     

植被生化组分的遥感反演方法研究

从反演物理模型提取植被生化组分含量的角度 ,分别在叶片和冠层水平探讨了反演生化参量的方法。在叶片水平 ,利用实验室测量光谱数据 ,较为准确地提取了水分和叶绿素含量 ,通过比较真实光谱数据与利用模型和真实参数模拟的光谱数据 ,得出如下结论 :模型能否准确描述某个参数的作用是能否真正准确反演该参数的关键。在模拟的冠层水平 ,基于多阶段反演思想 ,采用了分步反演策略 ,最终较为准确地反演了生化参数。     

海水养殖鱼类鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)临床分离株的血清型和抗生素耐药谱

鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)是常见的海水鱼类病原菌,有23种血清型,其中O1—O3为主要的致病血清型。我国海水养殖鱼类鳗弧菌的血清型种类尚未明确。本研究对实验室分离和收集自海水养殖鱼类的31株鳗弧菌临床菌株进行了生理生化、16S r RNA基因序列、血清分型、抗生素敏感性的分析,旨在系统了解存在于我国海水养殖环境的鳗弧菌血清学型及耐药特征。首先用API ID32E生化反应鉴定系统对鳗弧菌进行生理生化鉴定,结果未能将待测菌株鉴定到种的水平;然后测定鳗弧菌的16S r RNA基因序列并构建系统发育树,结果显示所有分离株聚为一簇,与鳗弧菌有最近的亲缘关系(相似性99%—100%),据此可将临床菌株鉴定为鳗弧菌。以鳗弧菌O1—O5血清型标准菌株为O抗原制备兔抗血清,采用玻片凝集反应对鳗弧菌菌株进行血清学分析,结果显示属于O1、O2、O3、O5血清型菌株分别有16、5、3、1株,表明我国海水鱼类养殖存在3种血清型的致病性鳗弧菌,O1为主要流行的血清型。用ATB药敏检测系统检测鳗弧菌对28种抗生素的敏感性,结果显示菌株对7种抗生素(林可霉素、夫西地酸、甲硝唑、阿莫西林、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、苯唑西林、青霉素)的耐药率为100%,对3种抗生素(红霉素、原始霉素、泰洛星)的耐药率为94.4%(34株),有83%以上的菌株(30株)对12种以上的抗生素产生耐药,表明我国海水鱼类养殖鳗弧菌普遍存在多重耐药性。研究结果为进一步揭示鳗弧菌的流行病学规律和防控弧菌病奠定了良好的基础。     

盐度对南美白对虾的生长及生化成分的影响

在室内不同盐度条件下进行了南美白对虾(Penaeusvannamei)幼虾饲养试验 ,就盐度对南美白对虾生长、成活率及生化成分的影响进行了研究。结果表明 ,盐度对南美白对虾体质量增长率、成活率、饲料系数有显著影响(P<0.05) ;在盐度为20时 ,南美白对虾生长最好 ,不同盐度条件下 ,南美白对虾体内的蛋白质、水分、氨基酸、脂肪酸生化成分也有所变化     

二倍体和三倍体太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)繁殖前后生化成分及氨基酸组成的比较研究

对太平洋蛎二倍体和三倍体在繁殖前后的几种生化成分和氨基酸组成进行了比较研究，为牡蛎的生理生化研究提供了基础数据。结果显示：太平洋牡蛎的总糖，糖原，脂肪和蛋白的含量与其繁密切相关，二倍体牡蛎在繁殖后的总糖，糖原，脂肪的含量比繁殖前分别降低了24．31％，30．37％，14．91％，三倍体分别降低了9．45％，7．17％，20．29％，而二倍体和三倍体牡蛎粗蛋白的含量在繁殖后较繁殖前分别增高了14．91％，12．285，表明了糖类和脂肪是牡蛎殖能量的主要来源，繁殖前三倍体牡蛎的糖原含量比二倍体高23．30％，繁殖后二倍体糖原含量明显降低，三倍体的糖原含量比二倍体高了73．83％，表明三倍体牡蛎由于可育性低而体内一直保持较高水平的糖原含量，从而在繁殖季节也保持了鲜美的口味。二倍体太平洋牡蛎与三倍体的氨基酸组成和含量的分析比较也表明，二倍体牡蛎的氨基酸组分在繁殖前后变化较大，而三倍体的氨基酸组分相对稳定。