Dissolved organic matter variations in coastal plain wetland watersheds: The integrated role of hydrological connectivity,land use,and seasonality

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is integral to fluvial biogeochemical functions, and wetlands are broadly recognized as substantial sources of aromatic DOM to fluvial networks. Yet how land use change alters biogeochemical connectivity of upland wetlands to streams remains unclear. We studied depressional geographically isolated wetlands on the Delmarva Peninsula (USA) that are seasonally connected to downstream perennial waters via temporary channels. Composition and quantity of DOM from 4 forested, 4 agricultural, and 4 restored wetlands were assessed. Twenty perennial streams with watersheds containing wetlands were also sampled for DOM during times when surface connections were present versus absent. Perennial watersheds had varying amounts of forested wetland (0.4–82%) and agricultural (1–89%) cover. DOM was analysed with ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, and bioassays. Forested wetlands exported more DOM that was more aromatic‐rich compared with agricultural and restored wetlands. DOM from the latter two could not be distinguished suggesting limited recovery of restored wetlands; DOM from both was more protein‐like than forested wetland DOM. Perennial streams with the highest wetland watershed cover had the highest DOC levels during all seasons; however, in fall and winter when temporary streams connect forested wetlands to perennial channels, perennial DOC concentrations peaked, and composition was linked to forested wetlands. In summer, when temporary stream connections were dry, perennial DOC concentrations were the lowest and protein‐like DOM levels the highest. Overall, DOC levels in perennial streams were linked to total wetland land cover, but the timing of peak fluxes of DOM was driven by wetland connectivity to perennial streams. Bioassays showed that DOM linked to wetlands was less available for microbial use than protein‐like DOM linked to agricultural land use. Together, this evidence indicates that geographically isolated wetlands have a significant impact on downstream water quality and ecosystem function mediated by temporary stream surface connections.     

珠江河口及近海水体中铜的水平和形态分布

对夏季(2002-07)和冬季(2003-01)航次中珠江河口及近海水域样品中金属铜的总含量以及总溶解态、颗粒态、游离态铜含量进行对比分析。结果发现,夏季铜的总浓度水平分布并非完全体现陆源性规律,而是随河口向外海递增。而在冬季,总铜浓度的空间变化呈现和夏季完全相反的趋势,即随河口向外海逐渐降低。说明研究水域中金属铜可能具有其他来源,同时在很大程度上受到夏季沿岸上升流的影响。但是,游离态铜的分布在冬季和夏季却呈现相同的趋势,即自河口向外海逐渐降低。说明铜的形态分布在更大程度上取决于水体的理化性质。     

Study of chemical forms of phosphorus and their bioavailability in the sediments

Chemical forms of phosphorus in the sediments of the Daya Bay, the Zhujiang River estuary, and the Xiamen Bay are measured with extraction solutions of MgCl2, NaOH, and HCl. Their availabilities to Chlorella sp. and Isochrysis galbana are estimated by using sediments as the sole source of P in the bioassays. The results show that the contents of total phosphorus (TP) in these sediments are 449.3, 650.1 and 643.9 mg/kg, respectively. The contents of non-apatite inorganic P (NAIP) extracted with MgCl2 and NaOH from 3 sediments are 168.8, 146.6 and 118.1 mg/kg,respectively, and account for 18.3%～32.6% of TP. The phosphorus extracted with HCI solution is greater than that extracted with NaOH solution and the lowest extracted P is MgCl2-extractable P. The greatest relative growth rates of Chlorella sp. and Isochrysis galbana cultured with sediments are in the range of 4.3%～26.9%. The increasing biomasses of these algae correspond to NAIP and AAPP (the estimated algal-available particulate P). AAPP accounts for 42.4%～78.2% of NAIP, 21.1%～27.1% of total inorganic P, and 11.8%～20.3% of TP, respectively.     

The composition of nutrient fluxes from contrasting UK river basins

Accurate estimates of N and P loads were obtained for four contrasting UK river basins over a complete annual cycle. The fractionation of these loads into dissolved and particulate, and inorganic and organic components allowed a detailed examination of the nutrient load composition and of the factors influencing both the relative and absolute magnitude of these components. The particulate phosphorus (TPP) loads account for 26–75% of the annual total phosphorus (TP) transport and are predominantly inorganic. The inorganic (PIP) and organic (POP) fractions of the TPP loads represent 20–47% and 6–28% of the annual TP transport, respectively. In contrast, the particulate nitrogen loads (TPN) represent 8% or less of the annual total nitrogen (TN) loads and are predominately organic. For dissolved P transport, the dissolved inorganic fraction (DIP) is more important, representing 15–70% of the TP loads, whereas the dissolved organic fraction (DOP) represents only 3–9% of the TP loads. The TN loads are dominated by the dissolved component and more particularly the total oxidized fraction (TON), which is composed of nitrate and nitrite and represents 76–82% of the annual TN transport. The remaining dissolved N species, ammonium (NH₄-N) and organic N (DON) account for 0·3–1·2% and 13–16% of the annual TN transport, respectively. The TPN and TPP fluxes closely reflect the suspended sediment dynamics of the study basins, which are in turn controlled by basin size and morphology. The dissolved inorganic nutrient fluxes are influenced by point source inputs to the study basins, especially for P, although the TON flux is primarily influenced by diffuse source contributions and the hydrological connectivity between the river and its catchment area. The dissolved organic fractions are closely related to the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) dynamics, which are in turn influenced by land use and basin size. The magnitude of the NH₄-N fraction was dependent on the proximity of the monitoring station to point source discharges, because of rapid nitrification within the water column. However, during storm events, desorption from suspended sediment may be temporarily important. Both the magnitude and relative contribution of the different nutrient fractions exhibit significant seasonal variability in response to the hydrological regime, sediment mobilization, the degree of dilution of point source inputs and biological processes. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

蔬菜植物对 I–、IO–3的吸收及其生物有效性

通过水培方法培育含碘芹菜,揭示了蔬菜植物对 I–、IO–3的吸收特征,并在烹饪条件下,通过与碘盐的对比分析,研究了蔬菜植物中有机碘的生物有效性.研究结果表明,芹菜对 I–、IO–3的吸收速率随外源碘浓度的提高而增加,在不同的碘浓度下,芹菜对不同形态碘的吸收速率存在差异,这与 I–和 IO–3被吸收的方式不同有关;市售芹菜在100~160℃下爆炒90 s,添加碘盐,碘的损失率达54.80%~80.34%,含碘芹菜的碘损失率为3.00%~40.77%; 在100℃下烹煮5 min,市售芹菜加碘盐,菜和汤中的碘含量分别仅为碘添加含量的1.56%和29.03%,而含碘芹菜仍保留原始碘含量的85.26%;加醋会促使烹饪时添加的碘盐中无机碘丢失,而对含碘芹菜不产生明显影响     

样品处理与保存方法对表层沉积物中金属形态分析的影响

利用改进的Tessier连续萃取法研究了冷藏、冷冻、冻干、烘干和风干等样品处理与保存方法对表层沉积物中金属形态的影响。结果表明：各样品处理与保存过程对沉积物中Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn及Pb的形态均具有不同程度的影响,其中Fe的形态受其影响最小（<3.3%）,Mn的形态受其影响最大（最高可达10.2%）;冻干对各金属形态的影响最小（<4.6%）;烘干和风干对重金属Cu、Zn和Pb的可交换态（Ⅰ+Ⅱ）和非残渣态（Ⅰ-Ⅴ）分布影响较大,而冷藏、冷冻和冻干的影响相对较小。因此,综合考虑重金属的形态分布及其生物可利用性,冻干是较理想的沉积物样品处理与保存方法。     

海南岛农田土壤Se的地球化学特征

Se是人和动物必需的微量元素之一,具有广阔的开发应用前景,研究土壤中Se的地球化学分布规律和生物有效性控制因素意义重大。系统总结了海南岛27 426 km2范围内土壤Se的含量特征和影响因素。结果表明,研究区69.98%土地面积为足硒和富硒土壤,表层土壤Se含量在一定程度上继承了成土母岩(或深层土壤)Se含量,但不同成土母岩形成的表层土壤Se含量富集贫化趋势不同。进一步研究显示,土壤中Se含量与有机碳、Al2O3、TFe2O3、Mn和CIA等具有显著的正相关关系,说明土壤中粘土矿物、有机碳、铁锰氧化物及风化淋溶程度对Se的地球化学行为有重要影响,同时这些指标又是影响土壤Se生物有效性的重要参数。土壤有机碳、粘粒、CEC等含量或指标越高,Se的生物有效性越低。研究区土壤pH6.5时,土壤Se含量较低;土壤pH6.5时,土壤Se含量随pH下降而增加;当土壤pH为5.5～7.5时,土壤Se生物有效性相对较高。因此,开发富硒农产品不但要依据土壤总Se含量,还必须考虑土壤pH、TOC、CEC、粘粒等指标含量。     

白洋淀沉积物重金属潜在生态风险及生物可利用性分析

沉积物是湖泊水体重金属的主要汇集场所,也是湖泊重金属污染研究及整治的重点.本文分析了白洋淀多个淀区沉积物中16种重金属含量水平及垂向分布特征,解析了其中典型有害重金属潜在生态风险,并基于酸可挥发性硫（AVS）及同步可提取金属（SEM）、间隙水溶解态金属、可转化态金属形态分级等研究,对重金属生物可利用性进行了分析.结果表明：沉积物重金属含量均值高低依次为Fe （29630.50 mg/kg）>Ti （3213.07 mg/kg）>Mn （539.44 mg/kg）>Zn （104.01 mg/kg）>V （76.63 mg/kg）>Cr （52.60 mg/kg）>Cu （43.49 mg/kg）>Ni （35.83 mg/kg）>Pb （26.75 mg/kg）>Co （10.32 mg/kg）>As （8.96 mg/kg）>Mo （2.06 mg/kg）>Sb （1.57 mg/kg）>Tl （0.43 mg/kg）>Cd （0.31 mg/kg）>Hg （0.16 mg/kg）;其中,10种重金属在各淀区沉积物中呈现出自北往南逐渐降低的趋势,各金属在不同淀区分布差异性主要由污染输入所致.除北部烧车淀区域外,其余区域重金属潜在生态风险总体处于较低水平.重金属污染主要来源于该区域周边河道,但近10年来污染输入及在沉积物中的富集总体趋于稳定并呈逐渐降低的趋势.入淀污染不仅增加了该区域沉积物中重金属总量,也使得其中可转化态重金属比例较高,大多在30%~90%之间,提升了重金属生物可利用潜力.水生植物等内生性有机质的大量富集导致沉积物还原性较强,AVS含量较高,沉积物中AVS和ΣSEM均值分别为（10.59±6.37）和（2.23±1.53）μmol/g （dw）.Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn等金属由于高含量还原态硫的固定而生物可利用性较低.然而,As和Hg在这样的高有机质和强还原环境下更容易溶解和释放,是潜在生物可利用性相对较高的金属,在间隙水中的浓度分别达到（17.07±0.23）和（2.39±0.94）μg/L,未来研究及整治中应给予更多关注.     

Suspended Particles: Their Role in Estuarine Biogeochemical Cycles

Suspended particles are instrumental in controlling the reactivity, transport and biological impacts of substances in aquatic environments, and provide a crucial link for chemical constituents between the water column, bed sediment and food chain. This article reviews the role of suspended particles in the chemical and biological cycling of trace constituents (trace metals, organo-metallic compounds and hydrophobic organic micropollutants; HOMs) in estuaries, with particular emphasis on the effects of and changes to particle reactivity and composition.The partitioning (or distribution coefficient,K_D ) and bioavailability of chemical constituents, and assimilation efficiency (AE) of such by bivalve suspension feeders, are identified as key parameters requiring definition for accurate biogeochemical modelling, and the discussion centres around the determination of and controls on these parameters. Particle-water interactions encompass a variety of physical, biological, electrostatic and hydrophobic effects, and are largely dependent on the character and concentration of suspended particles and salinity. The salinity-dependence results from the competing and complexing effects of seawater ions for trace metals, and the compression of water in the presence of dissolved seawater ions and consequent salting out of neutral solute (HOMs, organo-metallic compounds and some trace metal complexes). The extent of biological solubilization of chemical constituents from suspended particles is dependent on the nature of chemical components of the gastro-intestinal environment and their interactions with ingested particles, and the physiological (e.g. gut passage time) and chemical (e.g. redox conditions and pH) constraints imposed on these interactions. Generally, chemicals that associate with fine, organic-rich particles (or, for some HOMs, fine inorganic particles), and desorb at pH 5–6 and/or complex with digestive enzymes or surfactants are most readily solubilized in the gut. The extent of assimilation of solubilized chemical is then determined by its ability to pass the gut lining and partition into cytosolic material.In practice, K_D and AE are determined experimentally by means of radiotracers added to contained suspensions or mesocosms, while operational measurement of bioavailability relies on in vitro chemical or biological (enzymatic) extraction of particles. What is lacking, however, and is identified as an ultimate goal of future research, is the ability to predict these parameters from theoretical principles and thermodynamic constants. Since many of the inherent interactions and mechanisms are controlled by particle composition and reactivity, a more immediate objective would be better characterization of the biogeochemical properties of suspended particles themselves. This includes chemical resolution of the bulk organic matter, definition of the abundance and synergistic effects of component sorbent phases, and determination of the effects of particle-seawater ion interactions on the reactivity of the particle surface.