Bioprospection of marine actinomycetes: recent advances, challenges and future perspectives

In exploring new sources for economically important products, marine environment draws particular attention because of its remarkable diversity and extreme conditions; it is known to produce metabolic products of great value. It represents untapped source for the discovery of novel secondary metabolites with varying potential such as antibiotic, anti-tumor, antifouling and cytotoxic properties. Marine actinomycetes distributed throughout the marine environment from shallow to deep sea sediments have proved to be a finest source for this discovery. Secondary metabolites derived from marine actinomycetes have proved their worth in industries based on the research on their properties and wide range applications. Spotlight of the review is range of marine based actinomycetes products and significant research in this field. This shows the capability of marine actinomycetes as bioactive metabolite producers. Additionally, the present review addresses some effective and novel approaches of procuring marine microbial compounds utilizing the latest screening strategies of drug discovery from which traditional resources such as marine actinobacteria has decreased due to declining yields. The aim is in the context of promoting fruitful and profitable results in the near future. The recent surfacing of new technologies for bioprospection of marine actinomycetes are very promising, resulting in high quality value added products, and will be de? ning a new era for bioactive compounds with medical and biotechnological applications.     

On sediment pollution in selected german coastal waters of the Baltic Sea

In order to determine and assess their status sediments from the German coastal waters of the baltic sea were analyzed for structural parameters and for several groups of harmful substances. Regarding all groups of harmful substances, i.e. nutrients, heavy metals and organic toxicants the sediments of the eastern sections investigated (Strelasund, Peenestrom and Stettin Lagoon) are generally more polluted than the sediments of the other ones.The sediments of the examined sections of the Baltic coast compare with North Sea sediments by factors of between 0.05 and 4 with regard to heavy metals.Because of the variability of the concentration of harmful substances in the various coastal sections, it is imperative to make a differentiated assessment of the polluted sediments and to set district-related targets for the various sections of the Baltic coast.     

Comparison of the Complexation of Cu and Cd by Humic or Fulvic Acids and by Ligands Observed in Lake Waters

The complexation of Cu and Cd by ligands observed in filtered unfractionated lakewaters is compared to the complexation by humic and fulvic acids. Complexation parameters (conditional stability constants and ligand concentrations) of Suwannee River fulvic acids (FA), purified peat humic acids (HA) and of ligands in lakewater samples have been determined using the same methods (ligand-exchange and CSV (cathodic stripping voltammetry) or ASV (anodic stripping voltammetry)), and the same titration ranges of Cu, Cd and organic carbon concentrations. The performance of the used techniques is first evaluated in FA and HA suspensions, and gives comparable results with the literature values for the same materials, according to published models (5-site model, NICA model) and parameters. Model calculations using the WHAM model for FA and HA (Tipping, 1994) are also presented. The comparison of titrations of FA and HA with Cu and Cd with those of lakewater samples indicates that stronger ligands than FA and HA are present at low concentrations in the lakewaters. Specific strong ligands occur in particular in eutrophic lake waters, whereas in a lake with higher metal concentrations and low biological productivity the ligands more closely match the fulvic acid characteristics.     

Contaminants and habitat choice in the Baltic Sea: Behavioural experiments with the native species, Monoporeia affinis, and the invasive genus, Marenzelleria

The invasive polychaete genus, Marenzelleria and the native amphipod, Monoporeia affinis are food and habitat competitors in the Baltic Sea. Previous studies have shown that moderate densities of Marenzelleria can affect the behaviour of M. affinis. To examine the short-term interactive effects of interspecific habitat choice and environmental contaminants a series of habitat colonisation experiments were performed. The contaminants examined included harbor sediments and sediment spiked with the antifouling substances, Cu, Zn and Irgarol. Polychaetes and amphipods were exposed to contaminants in single-species and two-species experiments. In spiked-sediment experiments, M. affinis showed clear dose-dependent response. These experiments verified that behavioural response of M. affinis to different habitats is a sensitive method for testing toxicity under controlled conditions. In experiments with three different harbor sediments and reference sediment both species showed the lowest preference for the reference sediment. This sediment also had the lowest content of quality food, indicating that factors such as food quality and quantity may override the disturbing effects of contaminants in natural sediments. The presence of Marenzelleria spp. did not affect amphipod habitat choice, indicating no short-term effects, which implies that both species can co-exist provided sufficient food is available.     

100株深海真菌次生代谢产物的生物活性初步研究

利用中国＂大洋一号＂第20航次采集的深海沉积物样品进行了真菌分离鉴定,获得110株深海真菌,这些菌分属于15个属.其中曲霉和青霉最多,共为55株,占50%,且重复较多,只分布于10个种.利用CCK8法及琼脂扩散法对其中的100株深海真菌进行了抗肿瘤及抗菌活性检测,发现深海真菌具有良好的生物活性,细胞毒阳性率占49%,26%的菌株具有明显抗大肠杆菌效果、23%明显抗枯草、5%抗白假丝酵母、21%抗金黄色葡萄球菌.生物活性与培养基成分及筛选用肿瘤细胞株类型相关.对具有生物活性的20株深海真菌发酵粗提物进行了HPLC指纹图谱初步分析,发现其HPLC指纹图谱与培养基成分相关.该研究为后期分离鉴定深海真菌产生的生物活性化合物奠定了良好基础.     

The Antioxidant Effects of Complexes of Tilapia Fish Skin Collagen and Different Marme Oligosaccharides

An excess of reactive oxygen species(ROS)leads to a variety of chronic health problems.As potent antioxidants,marine bioactive extracts containing oligosaccharides and peptides have been extensively studied.Recently,there is a growing interest in protein-polysaccharide complexes because of their potential uses in pharmaceutical and food industries.However,only few studies are available on the antioxidant activities of such complexes,in terms of their ROS scavenging capability.In this study,we combined and superoxide radicals,and to evaluate the influences on the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)and the level of malondialdehyde(MDA)in UV-induced photoaging models.The results indicated that the antioxidant activities of all the complexes were stronger than those of their individual components.Among the 11 complexes tested,two complexes,namely MA1000+CP and κ-ca3000+CP,turned out to be highly effective antioxidants.Although the detailed mechanisms of this improved scavenging ability are not fully understood,this work provides insights into the design of highly efficient peptide-oligosaccharide complexes for potential applications in pharmaceutical,cosmetics and food industries.     

Spectroscopic Characterization of Humic-Like Substances in Airborne Particulate Matter

In a standard reference air dust (NIST 1648 – urban particulate matter) as well as in airborne particulate matter collected in German urban and rural areas (Dortmund, Sauerland) 10% and more of the organic carbon can be attributed to macromolecular substances like humic and fulvic acids (HA, FA). Indirect evidence for the presence of humin was also obtained. HA and FA extracted from NIST 1648 and other urban and rural atmospheric particles using 0.1 m NaOH and isolated by ion-exchangers were characterized by their molecular-size distribution applying multistage ultrafiltration, their carbon content and their UV/VIS, Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) spectra. Summarizing, the structural studies exhibit that these humic-like substances (HULIS) contained in air dust samples are small in their molecular size and rich in aliphatic and carbohydrate substructures compared to HA and FA from soils and aquatic systems.     

江西省相山铀矿田成矿模式探讨

本文在阐述相山矿田区域地质背景和成矿特征的基础上, 分析了成矿物质来源、成矿溶液来源及成矿物质迁移途径, 建立了相山矿田铀成矿模式。认为相山矿田铀成矿是受区域地质背景控制的特定时空域内的客观产物, 区域富铀地层是成矿的物质基础, 成矿溶液源自岩浆水和混入的雨水, 岩浆及期后热液是铀迁移的载体。铀成矿模式强调了火山岩成岩过程是成矿物质的富集过程, 火山岩浆期后成矿热液系统演化孕育了相山火山盆地50Ma的成矿过程, 流体降温、浓缩、混合等成矿机制的耦合, 促使了铀沉淀、成矿。      

氮磷比对微囊藻与栅藻磷赋存及分配的影响

太湖水体氮浓度及氮磷比的改变可能影响藻类对磷元素的赋存及分配,进而影响水体总磷浓度.为此,本研究选取常见蓝藻(群体微囊藻和单细胞微囊藻)和绿藻(斜生栅藻),设置低氮磷比(N:P=2)和高氮磷比(N:P=20)培养实验,分析藻体胞内磷(INT-P)和胞外磷(EPS-P)含量、形态及分布,探究氮磷比对藻体磷元素赋存及分配的影响.结果表明:低氮磷比组斜生栅藻和群体微囊藻的藻体磷(CTP,即INT-P与EPS-P之和)显著增加,分别为高氮磷比组的2.7和1.4倍.斜生栅藻和群体微囊藻EPS-P含量(约占CTP的80%)分别增加了3.1和0.48倍,而INT-P含量对氮磷比无明显响应.低氮磷比组的斜生栅藻和群体微囊藻EPS含量分别增加了51.7%和63.5%.此外,微囊藻的CTP与EPS-P主要以可交换态活性磷存在,而INT-P主要以铁铝结合态磷存在.本研究发现低氮磷比促进了藻类EPS分泌,导致EPS-P升高,显著增加了藻体颗粒态磷的含量.这或许是近年来太湖水体总磷波动的原因之一.     

Chemistry of metal–humic complexes contained in Megalopolis lignite and potential application in modern organomineral fertilization

Lignite samples from two deposits located in the Megalopolis Basin, Southern Greece, were evaluated for their potential applicability as raw materials for the production of organomineral fertilizers. Fundamental chemical analyses were carried out to demonstrate high humic substances and metal contents. To determine their relative distribution in the Megalopolis lignite extract, eight elements, namely Na, K, Cd, Mn, Mg, Pb, Zn, and Cu, were studied both in H₂O and in Na₄P₂O₇/NaOH solutions. The behavior of these metals showed significant variations; Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cu associate mostly to the humic substances and proved scarce in the water extract. Contrarily, K and Mg gave a significantly low total yield in the Na₄P₂O₇/NaOH solution, while Mn was classified among the least extracted elements. Further enrichment of Megalopolis humic substances in these metals was achieved; Pb and Mg proved the most and least retained metal, respectively. Decomplexation titration curves of humic matter saturated with these metal ions demonstrated that novel organomineral fertilizing materials may develop based on optimized metal ion and humate contents, which can retain metals in a soluble form within a wide pH range. Formation of complexes between humic substances and Zn, Cd, and Mg was clearly indicated.