Origin of organic sulphur compounds and sulphur-containing high molecular weight substances in sediments and immature crude oils

The distribution patterns of Organic Sulphur Compounds (OSC), occurring in certain sediments and immature crude oils, were compared with those of the corresponding hydrocarbons. Because of the complexity of the OSC mixtures, they were desulphurized to hydrocarbons (n-alkanes, isoprenoid alkanes, steranes, triterpanes and branched alkanes). The hydrocarbons produced by desulphurization of the OSC exhibited distribution patterns different from those of the hydrocarbons originally present. Therefore reaction of elemental sulphur with these hydrocarbons at elevated temperatures must be considered as an unlikely origin for these OSC. Sulphur incorporation reactions on an intramolecular basis with suitable functionalized precursors at the early stages of diagenesis are probably the major origin for these OSc. Desulphurization of high molecular weight fractions also produced hydrocarbons, dominated by n-alkanes up to C₄₀. Therefore it is assumed that these substances contain n-alkanes, 2,5-dialkyl-thiophenes and -thiolanes linked to each other by sulphur briddges. These findings stronly suggest that sulphur-containing high molecular weight substances are formed by the same sulphur incorporation reactions as OSC, but in an intermolecular fashion.     

中国首台PET机的研制与正电子CT成像的新进展

正电子断面图像是最新的医学影象技术，它是通过研究正电子示踪核素标记的化合物在体内的动态分布，显示人体各部位的功能和代谢变化的图象。本文介绍正电子断层图的原理和应用以及我国科学工作者在推进中国ＰＥＴ研究工作的历程，重点介绍１９９２年以来我国第一台ＰＥＴ仪的研制过程、性能特点、应用概况及发展前景．     

Thermal characterization of natural and synthetic humic substances

Thermogravimetric technique was used for the characterization of natural (humic) and synthetic (melanoidins) substances. The influence of pH on the thermal stability of humic substances was studied. A similarity in thermal behaviour of natural humic substances and of melanoidins (prepared from an excess of sugar) and the unique thermal properties of melanoidins (prepared from basic amino acids) was observed. Thermal behavior of natural and synthetic substances was compared with model compounds of sugar, peptide and kerogen types.     

Cl-/SO42-铁盐对含可溶性胞外多聚物Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans溶液中铁矿物形成的影响

铁细菌胞外多聚物作用下聚集的铁可通过氧化或者沉淀作用使铁稳定或沉积,从而形成铁矿物。本文基于铁细菌胞外多聚物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)对铁矿物形成的调控作用,介绍了Cl-/SO_4~(2-)的Fe(Ⅲ)或Fe(Ⅱ)盐作用下,含可溶性EPS的氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)溶液中铁矿物的形成,观察了溶液pH值变化及形成铁矿物的矿相与结构,并采用XRD、FTIR和FESEM对其进行表征。结果发现反应溶液中OH-离子可与Fe3+形成微米级"针垫"聚集球状或纳米级小球形施威特曼石和微米级"菱形"块状黄钾铁矾铁矿物沉淀。反应溶液中的可溶性EPS可调控和促进铁矿物的形成,但对Fe2+的氧化未产生影响;外源Fe盐可促进施威特曼石向黄钾铁矾转化。随着Cl-/SO_4~(2-)摩尔比例的增加(即Cl-含量的不断增加),两矿相间的转化明显受到抑制,且铁矿物颗粒之间的集聚作用明显减弱;反之,SO_4~(2-)含量升高时,有利于铁矿物间的转化和聚集球状颗粒形貌结构的形成。     

黑潮化学物质输入东海的途径与通量

在对黑潮水文特征分析的基础上,探讨了黑潮对中国近海化学物质输入途径,归纳总结了黑潮对东海生源要素、痕量元素、同位素及其他化学物质的输入特征,提出了黑潮对中国近海化学物质输入研究应着重关注的问题。主要的结论包括:吕宋海峡、中国台湾东北部及日本九州西南海域是黑潮向中国近海输送化学物质的3个关键区域;黑潮表层水向东海陆架的扩展、次表层水和中层水的涌升以及黑潮季节性流轴摆动是黑潮向东海输送化学物质的基本途径。黑潮主体生源要素的浓度随深度的增加而增大。黑潮对东海生源要素的影响夏季最弱、春季次之、秋冬季最强,其对东海生源要素的输入通量要远高于河流、大气等其他输入源,并且各水层中以中层水的生源要素输入通量为最大。痕量元素在黑潮主体的分布、对东海的输入通量等方面均表现出了与生源要素的差异,各痕量元素的分布及输入通量随痕量元素的不同而不尽相同,其中次表层水的涌升在对邻近海域痕量元素分布的影响中起到了重要作用。同位素可指示黑潮对东海陆架的入侵程度及变化规律,并与营养盐等有一定的相关性。黑潮是东海微量温室气体N2O,CH4等其他化学物质的重要输入源,进而对东海生态环境产生影响。进一步研究应着重从系统性外海观测、痕量元素及同位素等化学物质调查、黑潮对中国近海输入化学物质的控制过程等方面深入开展。     

The role of biogeochemical processes in minimising uranium dispersion from a mine site

The Ranger Uranium Mine located in the Alligator Rivers Region of the Northern Territory lies in the tropical zone and has an annual wet-dry monsoonal climate. Following the commencement of the wet season, runoff from the waste rock dump accumulates in a retention pond (RP4). This water is permitted to discharge to the nearby Magela Creek once minimum flow of 5 m³/sec is reached and following filling of the pond. The discharge proceeds via a channel, experimental wetland and a backflow billabong (Djalkmarra Billabong) which acts as a natural wetland filter and flows out to Magela Creek.This study examines monitoring data for water releases over 3 wet seasons. I wet season with no release and 4 dry seasons. The monitoring data comprised electrical conductivity (EC). pH, Na, K. Ca, Mg. HCO⁻₃ SO²⁻₄, Cl⁻ and U (total or filtered, < 0.45 μm). Some ICP-MS scans of trace elements were also undertaken with particular reference being made to Re and U.Specific features of the sequence of water accumulation, release and reconstitution of Djalkmarra Billabong are able to show that U is effectively removed from solution, from about 50 ppb down to < 1 ppb. Soluble salts may remain in the water column and are removed by dilution following discharge to Magela Creek. Sediment levels show no increase in U concentration with time.The pH of the billabong water during releases (6.0–6.6) suggests that cationic forms of U, such as (UO₂)₃ (OH)⁵, predominate, favouring adsorption on to the humic-rich sediments of the natural wetland. The application of this principle enables U to be removed efficiently from waste water and to be contained within the mine lease.     

Stable carbon isotope evidence for tracing the diet of the host <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hepialus</Emphasis> larva of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cordyceps sinensis</Emphasis> in the Tibetan Plateau

Two types of Hepialus larvae with different diets were distinguished in the Sejila Mountain, Tibetan Plateau based on the stable carbon isotope data of the host Hepialus larva of Cordyceps sinensis and its closely adjacent tender plant roots and humus fractions. Type I is the larva chiefly fed by soil humus, and characterized by the δ ¹³C values of −22.6‰ to −23.4‰, and more than −23.4‰ in its heads. Type II is the larva chiefly fed by tender plant roots, and characterized by the δ ¹³C values of −24.6‰ to −27.6‰, and less than −24.6‰ in its heads. Our result has exceeded the traditional understanding that their food sources only come from the tender plant roots, and may provide evidence for choosing cheap and high-quality foods and further establishing artificial habitats in their large-scale reproduction. Supported by the National Key Technology R & D Program (Grant No. 2007BAI32B05)     

Potential use of organic waste substances as an ecological technique to reduce pesticide ground water contamination

The heavy use of pesticides in agriculture has meant that the fate due to their movement after their application continue to be a real problem for the environment. In this work, a viable eco-remediation technique based on the use of natural organic substances (NOS) that characterize the Mediterranean region is proposed to demonstrate the efficiency of endosulfan sulphate removal from water. Experimental results showed that the pH of pesticide solutions and temperature negatively affect the adsorption process. According to adsorption kinetic data, 5 h were considered as the equilibrium time for realizing adsorption isotherm. The Freundlich isotherm model describes better the adsorption process of endosulfan sulphate on NOS tested. The Freundlich constant K_f depended mainly on the nature of each adsorbent and ranged from 5.56 for straw to 13.54 for date stones. The adsorption tests gave very satisfying results and point to the possible application of these supports as an ecological remediation technique to reduce pesticide contamination of aquatic ecosystems.     

Excitation-emission matrix fluorescence and parallel factor analyses of the effects of N and P nutrients on the extracellular polymeric substances of Microcystis aeruginosa

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secreted by phytoplankton can induce bloom formation, and nutrients are considered the key factors that cause algal blooms outbreak. Thus, understanding the characteristics of EPS from blooming Microcystis under the influence of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) is important. In this study, the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) nutrients on EPS released by Microcystis aeruginosa in Lake Taihu were examined in pure cultures. The characteristics of Microcystis EPS were evaluated by excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Results indicated that the fluorescent characterization of EPS was affected more by N than by P. Low N concentration can stimulate cells to secrete large amounts of tyrosine-like substances directly into the culture medium, thus suggesting that Microcystis features a mechanism for adapting to low N conditions. Total fluorescent intensities in the EPS were significantly related to cell biomass. All fluorescent substances in the bound EPS fraction were positively and significantly correlated with Microcystis growth. As for the soluble EPS fraction, the humic-like and tryptophan-like substances were both significantly related to cell biomass, whereas only the tyrosine-like substances were significantly related to cell biomass under low N supply. PARAFAC analysis of the EEM spectra showed that N greatly affected the exudation of tyrosine-like substances and redistribution of the EPS fractions. Thus, protein-like fluorophore could be used as a potential indicator to evaluate the nutritional status of cyanobacteria during cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Taihu.     

江苏高宝邵伯湖表层水体典型精神类药物及其代谢产物的污染水平、分布特征及风险评估

为探究典型精神类药物及其代谢产物在高宝邵伯湖——宝应湖、高邮湖和邵伯湖表层水体的污染水平、分布特征及生态风险,利用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法,对研究区域18个采样点位表层水体中3类（抗抑郁药物、抗癫痫药物和抗精神病药物）21种精神类药物及其代谢产物的浓度水平进行检测分析.结果表明,除奥卡西平外,其余20种典型精神类药物及代谢产物均有不同程度地检出,检出率范围为22.2%～100%,总检出浓度范围为1.4～224.5 ng/L.其中抗精神病药物利培酮检出浓度最高,浓度范围为0.1～64.1 ng/L.不同采样点精神类药物及其代谢产物的浓度存在空间差异,呈现邵伯湖和高邮湖南部浓度较高,高邮湖北部和宝应湖浓度较低的趋势.由聚类分析可知,点位S1、S7单独形成聚类,浓度分别为175.7和102.9 ng/L.对精神类药物及其代谢产物的来源分析发现,污水处理厂、生活污水和农业废水排放可能是高宝邵伯湖地表水中精神类药物及其代谢产物的主要来源.采用风险商值法（risk quotient,RQ）进行生态风险评估,结果表明高宝邵伯湖表层水体中卡马西平和环氧卡马西平对水生生物具有高风险（RQ>1）.精神类药物及其代谢产物在环境中持续性赋存的风险需引起重视.