基于二维散射变换的湖相碳酸盐岩储层厚度预测方法研究

济阳坳陷沙四段湖相碳酸盐岩受湖盆内沉积环境和构造运动等因素控制, 储层厚度变化大, 非均质性强, 油气开发难度大.为了准确预测湖相碳酸盐岩储层的厚度, 本文提出一种基于二维散射变换和随机森林的储层厚度预测方法.首先, 引入二维散射变换提取地震时频属性, 该变换是在二维小波变换的基础上, 通过迭代小波分解和非线性操作来实现的.与传统的二维小波变换对比, 散射变换提取的时频属性具有局部形变稳定性以及对噪声鲁棒性的优点, 有助于提高储层厚度预测的准确率.在此基础上, 在有限测井数据的条件下, 利用随机森林算法建立多尺度时频属性与测井解释厚度之间的非线性关系, 实现湖相碳酸盐岩储层预测.模型数据的预测结果表明, 与基于传统地震振幅属性的厚度预测和基于二维小波变换的储层厚度预测对比, 本文所提的厚度预测方法具有最优的性能.叠后三维地震数据的预测结果表明, 与基于传统地震振幅属性的厚度预测和基于二维小波变换的储层厚度预测对比, 本文所提方法的厚度预测结果与实际钻井数据误差更小, 提高了储层厚度预测的精度, 清晰刻画了灰礁、灰滩与灰泥等三种沉积亚相的空间展布, 有利于后续井位部署和优化.

     

二维小波变换与中值滤波联合去噪方法研究

由于随机噪声是一种频带较宽的干扰波,因此依靠单一的去噪处理方式往往难以获得清晰反映目标体的地震信息。小波变换能够较好的去除高斯噪声,保留有效波中、高频成分,提高记录的信噪比,但去除脉冲噪声的效果却并不理想;中值滤波具有良好的边缘保持特性,虽低频去噪声效果有限,但去除脉冲噪声效果明显。因此可利用二维小波变换与中值滤波优势互补的方法,进行叠前去噪处理,达到去除宽频随机噪声的目的。首先运用二维小波变换的理论,采用自适应门限阀值方法进行去噪,同时结合中值滤波方法联合去噪。模型与实际数据的应用效果表明,联合去噪方法可有效压制噪声能量、保留高频有效信号、提高地震记录信噪比与分辨率。     

低渗透储层水平井—直井联合布井极限注采井距研究

低渗透储层水平井—直井联合布井技术具有广泛的应用前景,其布井方式至关重要。首先利用劈分流场的方法直观地给出常规储层水平井—直井联合布井的产能评价方法;然后针对低渗透储层的渗流特点,在考虑启动压力梯度条件下建立新的井网渗流物理模型并求解得到产能评价公式;最后经分析计算给出启动压力梯度影响的面积井网极限注采井距关系曲线。研究结果为低渗透储层部署水平井—直井联合井网提供理论依据。     

Uncertainty as the overlap of alternate conditional distributions

An important task in modern geostatistics is the assessment and quantification of resource and reserve uncertainty. This uncertainty is valuable support information for many management decisions. Uncertainty at specific locations and uncertainty in the global resource is of interest. There are many different methods to build models of uncertainty, including Kriging, Cokriging, and Inverse Distance. Each method leads to different results. A method is proposed to combine local uncertainties predicted by different models to obtain a combined measure of uncertainty that combines good features of each alternative. The new estimator is the overlap of alternate conditional distributions.     

地面固定式激光扫描点云中建筑物墙面信息的识别提取

地面固定式激光扫描系统能够获取大面积高分辨率的被测对象表面三维数据,本研究通过对固定式LiDAR激光数据做初分类,从地面点中粗提取具有少量噪声的建筑墙面数据,然后利用平面区域分割算法和立面约束条件提取建筑物墙面数据。在对两份固定式三维激光扫描点云的实验中,通过对不同分辨率的数据利用本文所提算法都取得了较好的墙面提取效果,实验证明了该方法的有效性。     

Effect of wellbore storage and finite thickness skin on flow to a partially penetrating well in a phreatic aquifer

An analytical model is presented for the analysis of constant flux tests conducted in a phreatic aquifer having a partially penetrating well with a finite thickness skin. The solution is derived in the Laplace transform domain for the drawdown in the pumping well, skin and formation regions. The time-domain solution in terms of the aquifer drawdown is then obtained from the numerical inversion of the Laplace transform and presented as dimensionless drawdown–time curves. The derived solution is used to investigate the effects of the hydraulic conductivity contrast between the skin and formation, in addition to wellbore storage, skin thickness, delayed yield, partial penetration and distance to the observation well. The results of the developed solution were compared with those from an existing solution for the case of an infinitesimally thin skin. The latter solution can never approximate that for the developed finite skin. Dimensionless drawdown–time curves were compared with the other published results for a confined aquifer. Positive skin effects are reflected in the early time and disappear in the intermediate and late time aquifer responses. But in the case of negative skin this is reversed and the negative skin also tends to disguise the wellbore storage effect. A thick negative skin lowers the overall drawdown in the aquifer and leads to more persistent delayed drainage. Partial penetration increases the drawdown in the case of a positive skin; however its effect is masked by the negative skin. The influence of a negative skin is pronounced over a broad range of radial distances. At distant observation points the influence of a positive skin is too small to be reflected in early and intermediate time pumping test data and consequently the type curve takes its asymptotic form.     

基于累积相似度表面的空间权重矩阵构建方法

将地理要素相似度定义为属性相似度与空间相似度,提出累积相似度表面的概念,引入曲线演化理论和快速行进方法生成累积相似度表面,构建空间权重矩阵。通过趋势面模拟数据与ASTER GDEM数字高程模型数据的实验分析证明,相比于利用欧氏距离等距离测度方法,通过累积相似度表面构建的空间权重矩阵综合考虑了地理要素的属性相似度与空间相似度,体现了地理要素的局部空间特征,能够更为准确地描述地理要素空间特征变化趋势。     

冲刷桥墩基础的HHT振动频谱特性分析与判读研究

尝试以移动车流为振动源,在明显受冲刷与未受冲刷桥墩系统上方一侧布设讯号传感器,接收桥梁下部结构因振动源所产生的振动讯号。再以经验模态分解法EMD与希尔伯特黄转换HHT作为讯号分解与振动频谱解析的方法,针对桥墩系统（桥梁下部结构）的Y方向振动讯号进行解析与判读。于EMD分析过程中导入间断性准则进行振动讯号分解。针对完整（未裸露）桥墩系统（P1）,与跨河冲刷桥段桥墩系统（P2）的Y方向,进行频谱解析与比对探讨。由研究结果可知,EMD讯号分解过程可能产生模态混合现象,导致HHT图形中产生频率损失以及可判读区间缩短的现象。借由间断性准则的应用,可有效解决这些问题,获得判读性较高的HHT频谱图与边际频谱图。此外,HHT频谱图所得结果证实,桥墩系统Y方向的瞬时频率变化为一频宽带,其区间范围约在1～4 Hz之间。而由边际频谱图中可知,P1、P2的频率能量分别集中于2.5 Hz与1.7 Hz,可知P2的整体系统刚度小于P1。据此,明显受冲刷桥墩系统P2,其承载能力弱化的现象得以由HHT方法中明显呈现。     

Separation and relationship of ten marine scuticociliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) using RAPD fingerprinting method

On the basis of the random amplified polymorphic DNA-fingerprinting (RAPD) method, 10 morphospecies of scuticociliates from 7 genera, including 15 clones of 13 strains, Uronema marinum, Uronema cf marinum, Parauronema virginianum, P. longum, Metanophrys similis, M. sinensis, Paralembus digitiformis, Mesanophrys carcini, Paranophrys magna and Cohnilernbus verrninus were analysed using 8 oligonucleotide primers. The genetic similarity among the clones of the same strain measured by a band-sharing index is 0.97～0.98,while 0.40-4).52 among strains. This value measured is 0.39～0.46 among congeners of the same genus, whereas 0.16～0.47 between different genera. A distance tree was constructed based on 8-primer analysis, in which the scuticociliates investigated were separated into two clusters: one consists of 2 genera, Uronema and Parauronema, and the other was composed of five, Metanophrys, Mestmophrys,Paranophrys, Paralembus and Cohnilembus. It is demonstrated also that the morphospecies Parauronema virginianurn may be a species-complex, i. e., it contains different genospecies.     

Overcoming Trade Impediments: Considering SME Exporters from Nova Scotia

Firms often encounter location-based impediments that hinder them from engaging with international markets. These challenges can be exacerbated for smaller firms, which often have limited resources and exposure to global markets. This article examines successful small and medium-sized exporters from Nova Scotia, a province with decreased export activity in recent years. It explores these firms’ trade-related motivations, their impediments, and the strategies that they have used to address possible location-related problems. Although geographical distance does not appear to be a competitive challenge, other issues emerge, including travel expenditures and the costs of export intelligence gathering. Successful exporters have overcome many potential impediments by using government trade programs, establishing and maintaining face-to-face contacts, and working with international partners.