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基于温度梯度修正的山东省年均温资料插值方法比较研究

对研究区气象站点的年均温与其他地理要素进行相关分析,发现温度与高程具有较高的相关系数。在此基础上,设计了使用空间内插方法分别获得研究区气温与高程,再根据内插得到的高程与实际DEM之差对内插得到的气温进行温度梯度修正,以得到实地气温的方法。这种方法可以有效的消除对气温进行内插时,高程要素对其产生的干扰。分别运用IDW、Kriging、Spline3种方法进行插值,比较结果发现IDW法得到的结果最能反映温度随空间位置变化的趋势,较其他两种内插方法具有较大的优势。     

Spatio-temporal interpolation of precipitation during monsoon periods in Pakistan

Spatio-temporal estimation of precipitation over a region is essential to the modeling of hydrologic processes for water resources management. The changes of magnitude and space–time heterogeneity of rainfall observations make space–time estimation of precipitation a challenging task. In this paper we propose a Box–Cox transformed hierarchical Bayesian multivariate spatio-temporal interpolation method for the skewed response variable. The proposed method is applied to estimate space–time monthly precipitation in the monsoon periods during 1974–2000, and 27-year monthly average precipitation data are obtained from 51 stations in Pakistan. The results of transformed hierarchical Bayesian multivariate spatio-temporal interpolation are compared to those of non-transformed hierarchical Bayesian interpolation by using cross-validation. The software developed by [11] is used for Bayesian non-stationary multivariate space–time interpolation. It is observed that the transformed hierarchical Bayesian method provides more accuracy than the non-transformed hierarchical Bayesian method.     

Observations of submesoscale eddies using high-frequency radar-derived kinematic and dynamic quantities

The spatio-temporal variability of submesoscale eddies off southern San Diego is investigated with two-year observations of subinertial surface currents [O(1) m depth] derived from shore-based high-frequency radars. The kinematic and dynamic quantities — velocity potential, stream function, divergence, vorticity, and deformation rates — are directly estimated from radial velocity maps using optimal interpolation. For eddy detection, the winding-angle approach based on flow geometry is applied to the calculated stream function. A cluster of nearly enclosed streamlines with persistent vorticity in time is identified as an eddy. About 700 eddies were detected for each rotation (clockwise and counter-clockwise). The two rotations show similar statistics with diameters in the range of 5–25 km and Rossby number of 0.2–2. They persist for 1–7 days with weak seasonality and migrate with a translation speed of 4–15 cm s⁻¹ advected by background currents. The horizontal structure of eddies exhibits nearly symmetric tangential velocity with a maximum at the defined radius of the eddy, non-zero radial velocity due to background flows, and Gaussian vorticity with the highest value at the center. In contrast divergence has no consistent spatial shape. Two episodic events are presented with other in situ data (subsurface current and temperature profiles, and local winds) as an example of frontal-scale secondary circulation associated with drifting submesoscale eddies.     

基于历元间差分模型的精密钟差加密算法研究

提出一种高精度的钟差加密方法。采用历元间差分载波相位观测值,得到高精度历元间相对卫星钟差,并应用这一相对钟差产品对IGS 5 min钟差进行加密,获得30 s采样的“高频度”钟差。与数学插值算法相比,该加密算法有一定的优越性,加密误差在0.03 ns以内,且不同稳定度的星载钟差异较小。     

成都市体验性网络团购市场发展的空间特征

体验性网络团购模式正在对城市商业空间产生显著影响。以团购商品信息量作为基础数据,采用矢量数据符号法和空间插值法对成都市团购市场发展的空间特征进行分析。结果表明：餐饮、娱乐、生活和旅游酒店类团购信息在各商圈分布的集中化程度与摄影类相比较低。成都市中心区域的团购市场发展水平较高,形成了以春熙路商圈为核心的综合商业型热点区和以建设路商圈和双楠商圈为核心的生活服务型热点区。市场原则下团购市场发展的空间公平性较好的区域主要集中在成都市中心区域。团购市场发展的空间格局具有明显的区位特征,其空间发展的驱动力主要包括实体商业空间布局、消费者规模空间格局和区域可达性等;“时间距离”对团购市场区位特征产生的摩擦阻力已经超过空间距离。     

分形插值与传统插值相结合的方法研究

本文针对测量数据提出了基于分形的线性插值 ,该法综合了分形插值理论和传统线性插值理论的优点。算例表明 :该法优于单一的分形插值和单一的线形插值 ,后验差检验法表明插值结果优等     

Incorporating GIS Building Data and Census Housing Statistics for Sub-Block-Level Population Estimation

This article presents a deterministic model for sub-block-level population estimation based on the total building volumes derived from geographic information system (GIS) building data and three census block-level housing statistics. To assess the model, we generated artificial blocks by aggregating census block areas and calculating the respective housing statistics. We then applied the model to estimate populations for sub-artificial-block areas and assessed the estimates with census populations of the areas. Our analyses indicate that the average percent error of population estimation for sub-artificial-block areas is comparable to those for sub-census-block areas of the same size relative to associated blocks. The smaller the sub-block-level areas, the higher the population estimation errors. For example, the average percent error for residential areas is approximately 0.11 percent for 100 percent block areas and 35 percent for 5 percent block areas.     

Use of an expert system to map forest soils from a geographical information system

Abstract

Mapping forest soils using conventional methods is time consuming and expensive. An expert system is described and applied to the mapping of five forest soil-landscape units formed on a single granitoid parent material. Three thematic maps were considered important in influencing the distribution of soils. The first showed the distribution of nine classes of native eucalypt forests, and the second and third were derived from a digital elevation model and represented slope gradient and a soil wetness index combined with topographical position. These layers were input to a raster based geographical information system (GIS) and then geometrically co-registered to a regular 30 m grid. From a knowledge of soil distributions, the relationships between the soil-landscape units and the three data layers were quantified by an experienced soil scientist and used as rules in a rule based expert system. The thematic layers accessed from the GIS provided data for the expert system to infer the forest soil-landscape unit most likely to occur at any given pixel. The soil-landscape map output by the expert system compared favourably with a conventional soil-landscape map generated using interpretation of aerial photographs.