Hydroclimatic teleconnection between global sea surface temperature and rainfall over India at subdivisional monthly scale

It is well established that sea surface temperature (SST) plays a significant role in the hydrologic cycle in which precipitation is the most important part. In this study, the influence of SST on Indian subdivisional monthly rainfall is investigated. Both spatial and temporal influences are investigated. The most influencing regions of sea surface are identified for different subdivisions and for different overlapping seasons in the year. The relative importance of SST, land surface temperature (LST) and ocean–land temperature contrast (OLTC) and their variation from subdivision to subdivision and from season to season are also studied. It is observed that LST does not show much similarity with rainfall series, but, in general, OLTC shows relatively higher influence in the pre‐monsoon and early monsoon periods, whereas SST plays a more important role in late‐ and post‐monsoon periods. The influence of OLTC is seen to be mostly confined to the Indian Ocean region, whereas the effect of SST indicates the climatic teleconnection between Indian regional rainfall and climate indices in Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mattig's relation and dynamical distance indicators

We discuss how the redshift (Mattig) method in the Friedmann cosmology relates to dynamical distance indicators based on Newton's gravity (Teerikorpi 2011). It belongs to the class of indicators where the relevant length inside the system is the distance itself (in this case the proper metric distance). As the Friedmann model has a Newtonian analogy, its use to infer distances has instructive similarities to classical dynamical distance indicators. In view of the theoretical exact linear distance‐velocity law, we emphasize that it is conceptually correct to derive the cosmological distance via the route: redshift (primarily observed) → space expansion velocity (not directly observed) → metric distance (physical length in “cm”). Important properties of the proper metric distance are summarized. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

遥感影像大气校正通用查找表的设计与插值算法

大气参数查找是遥感图像大气校正中一个重要的步骤。本文针对当前多数大气参数查找表普适性不强、查找表数据存储空间巨大、具体实施步骤不详细的问题,建立了一个通用化的多维大气参数查找表,其光谱分辨率为1 nm,并适用于多种遥感传感器。本文采用二进制文件方式存储查找表,并研究采用多维拉格朗日和多维反距离加权插值方法对输入参数进行插值。结果表明以二进制文件方式存储查找表,不但可以最大化地减少磁盘存储空间,还可以实现查找表数据快速随机读取;相对于多维反距离加权插值方法,多维拉格朗日插值方法的速度更快,精度更高,与MODTRAN4.0模型计算结果(真值)相比,它的误差仅为±1.0%左右。     

SAINF: A toolbox for analyzing the effect of point-like,line-like and polygon-like infrastructural features on the distribution of point-like non-infrastructural features

This paper introduces a GIS-based toolbox, called SAINF, for analyzing the effects of infrastructural features on the distribution of non-infrastructural features. One of the distinct characteristics of SAINF is that it can deal not only with point-like infrastructural features but also line-like (e.g. railways) and polygon-like (e.g. big parks) features. SAINF analyzes these effects with the conditional nearest neighbor distance method and the cross K-function method. First, the paper briefly refers to these methods. Second, the paper illustrates how to use SAINF with an actual example. SAINF can be downloaded via the Internet without charge for non-profit uses.We express our thanks to Exceed Co. Ltd. for helping us program SAINF, and to Miki Arimoto for making the data of high-class apartment buildings and parks in Kiba. This development was partly supported by Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research No. 10202201 (Spatial information science for human and social sciences) and No. 14350327 (Regional supporting network planning for the elderly) by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.     

Improving groundwater-flow modeling using optimal zoning methods

Hydraulic conductivity sometimes exhibits complicated spatial variation over a site. A thorough understanding of the spatial distributions of hydraulic conductivity helps to make deterministic models of groundwater more accurate. This study presents a novel procedure that combines simulated annealing algorithms (SA) and the shortest distance method (SD) with the modular three-dimensional groundwater flow model (MODFLOW). The procedure is applied to a hypothetical site with groundwater-monitoring wells to minimize the difference between simulated and observed hydraulic head for optimal zoning of the spatial distribution of hydraulic conductivity. The results of this optimal zoning method indicate that this new procedure not only improves the efficiency of optimization, but also increases the probability of finding the global optimum, minimizing the errors of the hydraulic head simulated by MODFLOW in two scenarios, one with known and the other with unknown hydraulic conductivity. The results also illustrated that the procedure can effectively determine and delineate hydrogeological zones.     

A new algorithm for distance cartogram construction

A distance cartogram is a diagram that visualizes the proximity indices between points in a network, such as time–distances between cities. The Euclidean distances between the points on the distance cartogram represent the given proximity indices. This is a useful visualization tool for the level of service of transport, e.g. difference in the level of service between regions or points in a network and its improvement in the course of time. The two previously proposed methods—multidimensional scaling (MDS) and network time–space mapping—have certain advantages and disadvantages. However, we observe that these methods are essentially the same, and the merits of both these methods can be combined to formulate a generalized solution. In this study, we first formulate the time–space mapping problem, which includes the key features of both of the above stated methods, and propose a generalized solution. We then apply this solution to the time–distances of Japan's railway networks to confirm its applicability.     

Internet teaching foundation for the Remote Sensing Core Curriculum program

The Remote Sensing Core Curriculum (RSCC) was initiated in 1993 to meet the demands for a college-level set of resources to enhance the quality of education across national and international campuses. The American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing adopted the RSCC in 1996 to sustain support of this educational initiative for its membership and collegiate community. A series of volumes, containing lectures, exercises, and data, is being created by expert contributors to address the different technical fields of remote sensing. The RSCC program is designed to operate on the Internet taking full advantage of the World Wide Web (WWW) technology for distance learning. The issues of curriculum development related to the educational setting, with demands on faculty, students, and facilities, is considered to understand the new paradigms for WW-influenced computer-aided learning. The WWW is shown to be especially appropriate for facilitating remote sensing education with requirements for addressing image data sets and multimedia learning tools. The RSCC is located at http://www.umbc.edu/rscc     

基于高斯距离加权格网法研究华北地区地壳形变特征

分析了高斯距离加权格网法计算应变率的原理和特征,研制了相应的计算程序,并用于华北地区现今地壳应变特征研究。基于华北地区1999～2009年的GPS观测结果,研究了确定高斯平滑半径的原则和方法,并给出华北地区地壳形变多个应变率物理量的分布。结果表明,基于150 km高斯平滑半径计算水平速度梯度能够较好地分辨华北地区的应变率空间变化特征,首都圈地区地壳以张渤带上的左旋剪切为主,其中唐山-秦皇岛地区同时存在南北向的拉张变形;山西带整体表现为沿断裂的右旋剪切变形,同时兼具“南挤北张”特性;郯庐断裂带整体形变特征不显著,在南北两端局部区域存在较小的剪切形变;鄂尔多斯块体内部比较稳定,北缘以拉张和左旋剪切变形为主,西缘表现为左旋剪切以及EW向的挤压特征,南缘的秦岭块体南北两侧分别具有左旋剪切和右旋剪切的特性,东西两侧分别表现为正断拉张与逆断挤压特征。     

灰色关联度法和距离判别分析法在溪洛渡库区潜在滑坡判识中的应用

以溪洛渡库区深入研究的14个典型滑坡为研究对象,在初步建立潜在滑坡判识指标的基础上,运用灰色关联度理论优选确定了影响库区潜在滑坡孕育的8个关键主控因素:坡面平均坡度、滑体内冲沟切割程度、洼地封闭状况(或排水条件)、滑面平均倾角、滑面形态、下滑段长度与总滑面长度之比、滑体结构及近期活动迹象,并依据距离判别分析的理论和方法,建立了溪洛渡库区潜在滑坡的距离判识模型。该判识模型对库区5个待判滑坡样本和9个滑坡学习样本的判识准确率均达到了100%。     

优化K means算法在中国近海气候区划中的应用

利用我国近海多年的风、浪及温湿资料,采用DB指标和最大距离法相结合的优化K-means聚类算法,对冬季我国近海进行气候区划,避免了传统K-means算法中确定聚类数目和初始聚类中心的主观性。结果表明,冬季我国近海可被划分为3个区域:1区主要包括28°N以北的海域以及我国东南沿海的一条狭长区域,2区主要包括台湾周边海域、台湾海峡、巴士海峡以及自越南东南部起由西南部向东北部的南海大部分海域,3区则主要包括台湾岛西南部海域、北部湾、广东沿海以及南海东南部。根据给出的区划指标,分析各分区的气候特征及其对海上舰船航行和出海人员的影响,判定1区为基本适宜区,2区为不适宜区,3区为适宜区。