投喂底栖硅藻对刺参幼参特殊动力作用的影响

本实验研究投喂底栖硅藻(琴氏菱形藻微小变种Nitzschia panduriformis var.minor Grunow、菱形藻Nitzchia sp.、筒柱藻Cylindrotheca fusiformis)和商业饲料对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)幼参特殊动力作用的影响。结果表明:刺参摄食底栖硅藻和商业饲料后特殊动力作用存在显著差异。琴氏菱形藻微小变种、菱形藻、筒柱藻和商业饲料组之间:SDA时间依次为:(22.0±1.0)、(22.0±0.5)、(20.0±1.5)和(22.0±1.0)h,没有显著性差异;摄食代谢峰值依次为:(27.0±1.2)、(30.0±1.7)、(29.0±2.1)和(32.0±1.2)mg O2·kg-1·h-1,琴氏菱形藻微小变种组显著低于另外3组(P0.05);摄食水平依次为:(3.38±0.12)%、(3.75±0.25)%、(2.16±0.11)%和(6.37±0.19)%;摄食代谢比率依次为:1.93±0.10、2.14±0.19、2.07±0.19和2.29±0.20,4组之间差异不显著;SDA总耗能依次为:1.43±0.15、2.19±0.19、1.94±0.21和2.35±0.22。琴氏菱形藻微小变种组刺参SDA总耗能最低,SDA系数依次为:0.03±0.01、0.04±0.01、0.06±0.01和0.05±0.01,琴氏菱形藻微小变种组显著小于筒柱藻组(P0.05)。     

Off‐reef planktivorous reef fishes respond positively to decadal‐scale no‐take marine reserve protection and negatively to benthic habitat change

The effects of no‐take marine reserve (NTMR) protection and changes in benthic habitat on fusiliers (family Caesionidae) were investigated at four small Philippine offshore islands on time scales of 10–31 years. Fusiliers are highly mobile, schooling, medium‐sized planktivorous fish that generally feed “off‐reef.” For these reasons, and given the small size of the NTMRs (3.6–37.5 ha) in this study, it was predicted that fusilier density would be unlikely to show clear effects of NTMR protection, or to respond to changes in benthic habitat. In contrast to predictions, clear NTMR effects were observed on fusilier density at three of the four NTMRs, with durations of protection from 14 to 31 years. Furthermore, the study provided strong evidence that benthic variables, specifically cover of live hard coral and dead substratum, affect the density of fusiliers. This effect of benthic habitat on density was highlighted by several major environmental disturbances that caused shifts in the benthic habitat from live hard coral to dead substratum. For two of the three most abundant species of fusiliers individually, and for all three of them combined (Pterocaesio pisang + Caesio caerulaurea + Pterocaesio digramma/tessellata), as live hard coral cover decreased, fish density decreased. It is hypothesized that these “off‐reef” daytime feeders may have such a strong association with live hard coral cover because they use this habitat as nocturnal sleeping sites. Multivariate analyses indicated that, across all sites and times sampled, cover of live hard coral and dead substratum accounted for 38% of the variation in fish assemblage structure. These results are important as there are very few reports in the published literature of strong effects of NTMR protection or changes in benthic habitat on the density and assemblage structure of fusiliers.     

自主式深海海底溶质通量原位观测站研究进展

针对深入了解深海海底界面的物理、化学和生物动态变化过程及机制的观测需求,综述了自主式海底观测站(着陆器,lander)在深海海底溶质通量监测的研究进展。探讨了海底观测站的设计与实施技术,分析总结了深海自主式原位观测站在沉积物-水界面化学组分通量的观测机理,讨论了自主式海底观测站的国内外发展现状。自主式海底观测站具有可灵活机动选择观测地点、操作简单、便于多参数综合测量的特点,为获取深海海底长时空尺度综合参数资料提供了有效的技术支撑。根据目前深海生物地球化学循环研究特点,提出了自主式海底观测站面临的问题与发展建议。     

蒙新高原湖泊高等水生植物和大型底栖无脊椎动物调查

2008年7月和9月调查了我国蒙新高原12个湖泊的高等水生植物和大型底栖无脊椎动物,除阜康天池外皆采集到了水生植物和底栖动物.水生植物共有8科12种,优势种为芦苇和蓖齿眼子菜.底栖动物共鉴定出4门8纲26科64种(属),优势类群为摇蚊和水丝蚓.乌梁素海的水生植物和底栖动物种类最丰富,分别为9种和35种(属).乌梁素海和哈素海全湖都有水生植物分布,但其它湖泊仅分布在个别湖湾.不同湖泊间的底栖动物群落相似性很低.将蒙新地区湖泊湖区分为敞水区、沿岸带水生植物区和强劲湖流区.底栖动物在沿岸带水生植物区的多样性比敞水区高,优势集中性比敞水区低,而强劲湖流区无底栖动物.沿岸带水生植物区不同类型生境中的底栖动物群落相似性分析表明沉水植物密布、风生湖流微弱生境中的底栖动物最丰富,风生湖流强劲生境中无底栖动物.总体上,蒙新高原湖泊水生植物和底栖动物群落相似性较低,要保护湖泊生物多样性,建议对每个湖泊进行适当保护,重点保护风生湖流较弱的沉水植物区.     

互花米草入侵东滩盐沼对大型底栖无脊椎动物群落的影响

外来种互花米草 (Spartina alterniflora)已经成功入侵崇明东滩 ,正在大量取代潮间带的优势种海三棱草 (Scirpus mariqueter)。采用圆筒取样比较了大型底栖无脊椎动物 (不包含蟹类 )的密度、多样性和群落结构在这两种植物群落的变化差异。大型底栖无脊椎动物的密度在互花米草群落和海三棱草群落中分别为 3119个 /m2 和 345 9个 /m2 ,两者之间没有显著差异 ,但一些常见种的密度在两种植物群落中存在显著差异。从物种的相对多度看 ,两种植物群落中 ,大型底栖无脊椎动物的优势种都是堇拟沼螺 (Assimineaviolacea)和丝异须虫(Heteromastusfiliforms)。物种多样性分析表明 ,互花米草群落中 ,平均每一个圆筒取样中大型底栖无脊椎动物的物种丰富度、香农 -威纳指数、均匀度都显著低于海三棱草群落中 ,而优势度则相反。互花米草群落中 ,食碎屑者的数量百分比显著大于海三棱草群落中 ,食悬浮物者和食植者的数量百分比显著小于海三棱草群落中。这表明互花米草入侵东滩海三棱草群落 ,竞争取代土著植物后 ,显著降低了大型底栖无脊椎动物的物种多样性 ,同时显著改变了营养类群的结构。互花米草入侵所引起的植物群落高度、密度、盖度、生物量的变化可能是造成大型底栖无脊椎动物群落结构改变的主要原因。     

Identification of Atlantic water inflow on the north Svalbard shelf during the Holocene

Nordaustlandet is located in the northeastern part of the Svalbard archipelago, within the northernmost reach of the West Spitsbergen Current. This current transports Atlantic water to the Arctic Ocean along the western and northern Svalbard margins. This region is well-suited for reconstructing the history of changing Atlantic water inflow to the Arctic Ocean. We studied the marine sediment core HH12-04-GC from Rijpfjorden. Benthic foraminiferal assemblages and sedimentological data are combined to reconstruct the palaeoenvironment of the fjord from the end of the last local deglaciation to the late Holocene. The local deglaciation, between 11.3 and 10.6 cal ka bp , was dominated by active glacier calving processes, associated with a strong inflow of Atlantic water. This led to the establishment of glaciomarine conditions. The Holocene was initially characterised by a relatively stable and warm environment associated with a strong contribution of Atlantic water. Glaciomarine influence progressively decreases after 9.7 cal ka bp and the Atlantic water contribution increases. The late Holocene displayed a similar environment to today, with the influence of glaciomarine conditions and limited Atlantic water inflow. These results confirm that Atlantic water inflows made a continuous contribution to northern Nordaustlandet throughout the postglacial period.     

厦门岛东海岸沙滩底栖甲藻的种类组成及优势种的季节变化

2001年8月至2002年7月,对厦门岛东海岸黄厝沙滩底栖甲藻的种类组成和优势种的时空分布进行了为每月一次的调查,共鉴定甲藻种类46种,其中底栖种39种,常见种14种,优势种4种.Amphidinium britannicum和Adenoides sp.为冬春季优势种,Herdmania litoraris和Peri-dinium quinquecorne为夏秋优势种,优势种的季节更替比较明显.夏秋季节的种数多,冬春季节的种数少,细胞数量高峰出现在春夏季,秋冬两季数量很少,由夏季的200多个每克干沙减少到冬末的0~4个/g干沙;多样性指数和均匀度呈双峰型分布,峰值出现在10和2月,谷值出现在12月和7月.空间分布上,底栖甲藻的总细胞密度和优势种的细胞密度呈现由高潮带向中、低潮带增加的趋势.分析了影响厦门东海岸沙滩底栖甲藻时空分布的主要因素,并探讨了沙滩底栖甲藻与近岸赤潮及着色砂现象的关系.