Ultra-Deep Optical Spectroscopy with PMAS. Using the Nod-and-Shuffle Technique

PMAS, the Potsdam Multi-Aperture Spectrophotometer, is a new integral field spectrograph in the optical, which is optimized for good transmission and high image quality from 350 nm to 1 μm. We present our plan to implement a CCD charge-shuffle mode to allow for beam switching with a very high degree of sky subtraction accuracy for faint object 3-D spectroscopy. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of parallel electric field on electrostatic ion-cyclotron instability in anisotropic plasma in the presence of ion beam and general distribution function—Particle aspect analysis

Dispersion relation, resonant energy transferred, growth rate and marginal instability criteria for the electrostatic ion-cyclotron wave with general loss-cone distribution in low-β anisotropic, homogeneous plasma in the auroral acceleration region are discussed by investigating the trajectories of the charged particles. Effects of the parallel electric field, ion beam velocity, steepness of the loss-cone distribution and temperature anisotropy on resonant energy transferred and growth rate of the instability are discussed. It is found that the effect of the parallel electric field is to stabilize the wave and enhance the transverse acceleration of ions whereas the effect of steepness of loss-cone, ion beam velocity and the temperature anisotropy is to enhance the growth rate and decrease the transverse acceleration of ions. The steepness of the loss-cone also introduces a peak in the growth rate which shifts towards the lower side of the perpendicular wave number with the increasing steepness of the loss-cone.     

福建省水生态足迹时空分异

利用改进的生态足迹模型,分析福建省2005—2011年的水生态足迹时空分异,得出几点结论：1）福建省水生态处于盈余状态,但人均水生态足迹增加;2）2011年福建省万元GDP水生态足迹为0.255 1 hm^2/万元,与2005年0.708 7 hm^2/万元对比,产出效率提高了64.00%。3）建议通过生态优势与经济优势相互转化、调整产业结构、提倡绿色消费实现可持续发展。     

用多种策略从机载Lidar数据中提取建筑脚点

设计了一种采用多种策略的建筑脚点提取方法,针对建筑脚点提取中的两个关键步骤———数据分类和建筑脚点分割,分别提出和引入了邻近关系和r半径点密度,从仅反映单次反射的DSM数据中,直接提取出建筑表面点。     

Effects of laser beam alignment tolerance on lidar accuracy

One of the major lidar error sources not yet analyzed in the literature is the tolerance of the laser beam alignment with respect to the scanning mirror. In this paper, the problem of quantifying these errors is solved for rotating polygon mirror type lidar systems. An arbitrary deviation of the beam from its design direction–the vector of beam misalignment–can be described by two independent parameters. We choose these as horizontal and vertical components of the misalignment vector in the body frame. Either component affects both, horizontal and vertical lidar accuracy. Horizontal lidar errors appear as scan line distortions—along and across track shifts, rotations and scaling. It is shown that the horizontal component of misalignment results in a scan line first being shifted across the track and then rotated around the vertical at the new center of the scan line. Resulting vertical lidar error, being a linear function of the scan angle, is similar to that produced by a roll bias. The vertical component of the beam misalignment causes scan line scaling and an along track shift. The corresponding vertical error is quadratic with respect to the scan angle. The magnitude of these effects is significant even at tight alignment tolerances and cannot be realistically accounted for in the conventional calibration model, which includes only range, attitude and GPS biases. Therefore, in order to attain better accuracy, this model must be expanded to include the beam misalignment parameters as well. Addition of new parameters into the model raises a question of whether they can be reliably solved for. To give a positive answer to this question, a calibration method must utilize not only ground control information, which is typically very limited, but also the relative accuracy information from the overlapping flight lines.     

常梯度声线跟踪中平均声速的改进算法

在对多波束测深常用声线跟踪算法进行分析的基础上,提出了一种改进的声线跟踪算法,即沿声线传播的圆弧路径进行积分来求取层内的平均声速,进而推导了严密的多波束测深波束脚印位置的计算公式。理论推导表明,常用的声线跟踪算法的平均声速是将声线的圆弧传播路径当作对应弧段弦时的改进算法平均声速的近似解。实验表明,改进的声线跟踪算法比常用的声线跟踪算法更严密。     

Country-specific dietary shifts to mitigate climate and water crises

Undernutrition, obesity, climate change, and freshwater depletion share food and agricultural systems as an underlying driver. Efforts to more closely align dietary patterns with sustainability and health goals could be better informed with data covering the spectrum of countries characterized by over- and undernutrition. Here, we model the greenhouse gas (GHG) and water footprints of nine increasingly plant-forward diets, aligned with criteria for a healthy diet, specific to 140 countries. Results varied widely by country due to differences in: nutritional adjustments, baseline consumption patterns from which modeled diets were derived, import patterns, and the GHG- and water-intensities of foods by country of origin. Relative to exclusively plant-based (vegan) diets, diets comprised of plant foods with modest amounts of low-food chain animals (i.e., forage fish, bivalve mollusks, insects) had comparably small GHG and water footprints. In 95 percent of countries, diets that only included animal products for one meal per day were less GHG-intensive than lacto-ovo vegetarian diets (in which terrestrial and aquatic meats were eliminated entirely) in part due to the GHG-intensity of dairy foods. The relatively optimal choices among modeled diets otherwise varied across countries, in part due to contributions from deforestation (e.g., for feed production and grazing lands) and highly freshwater-intensive forms of aquaculture. Globally, modest plant-forward shifts (e.g., to low red meat diets) were offset by modeled increases in protein and caloric intake among undernourished populations, resulting in net increases in GHG and water footprints. These and other findings highlight the importance of trade, culture, and nutrition in diet footprint analyses. The country-specific results presented here could provide nutritionally-viable pathways for high-meat consuming countries as well as transitioning countries that might otherwise adopt the Western dietary pattern.     

激光束光学系统的变焦理论

从高斯光束经过光学系统的传输与变换规律出发,借助于高斯括号的性质,研究了激光束光学系统的变焦特性,导出了机械补偿式激光束变焦系统的变焦方程及补偿点位置方程,并给出了计算实例。     

新一代天气雷达(CINRAD)体扫模式起始仰角探讨

CINRAD所采用的各种体扫模式(VCP)均以仰角0.5°为起始进行扫描,通过分析雷达发射波束宽度、地物杂波对产品影响、雷达测量低仰角回波的重要性等因素,提出了CINRAD在低仰角观测时选取低仰角的原则,以及低仰角观测时应注意的问题.     

加筋水泥土梁力学性能的试验研究

在对加筋水泥土进行力学试验的基础上, 初步得出其基本的力学性能, 以期为加筋水泥土用于支护工程提供试验依据。