深海沉积物中龙须菜降解菌群的筛选与鉴定及多样性分析

以龙须菜为唯一的营养源对深海沉积物进行富集和筛选,获得一个可降解龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)、紫菜(Porphyra umbilicalis)和海带(Laminaria japonica)产生还原性寡糖的菌群.通过16S rRNA序列及16S rRNA-RFLP分析对该菌群中的细菌多样性进行了研究.结果表明,降解菌群中的细菌组成主要为弧菌属(Vibrio,8株)、火色杆菌属(Flammeovirga,7株)和希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella,5株),其中希瓦氏菌属和火色杆菌属的细菌在菌群中的丰度较高.采用龙须菜为唯一营养源的筛选培养基对菌群中的细菌进行分离,获得4株具有琼胶酶活力的细菌,包括2株火色杆菌属和2株希瓦氏菌属细菌.培养和未培养的结果均表明火色杆菌和希瓦氏菌这2个属为所研究的深海沉积物主要的龙须菜降解菌.对原始降解菌群和所分离的关键菌株进行了龙须菜酶解产糖能力的比较,结果发现菌群中的弧菌属菌株虽然自身没有酶解龙须菜的能力,但可能可以协助关键菌株,提高菌群对龙须菜的降解效率.因此本研究中所获得的菌群和菌株有望在琼胶寡糖的绿色生产中得到广泛应用.     

海山微生物多样性研究进展

随着深海海山区域生物多样性的发现,人们越来越关注深海微生物的研究。海山山脉火山活跃部分具有非常广泛的特殊微生物栖息环境,因此成为人们研究海山微生物多样性的热点。但从现有报道来看,我们对海山微生物的了解还很少。作者主要针对海山、尤其是西太平洋深海海山的类型及其微生物群落(包括对铁、硫循环起指示作用的特殊群落)的研究进展进行综述。在这些研究中,通过基于SSU rDNA克隆测序、T-RFLP、系统发育比较等培养与非培养分析手段发现,西太平洋深海火山活跃海山周围具有比较高的环境多样性与特殊微生物类群多样性,其中ζ变形菌纲(ζ-proteobacteria)和/或ε变形菌纲(ε-proteobacteria)微生物是最普遍的类别。这些研究对于进一步开展其他海山的地质形成过程及微生物栖息环境与类群研究具有较大的指导意义。     

微卫星DNA标记技术及其在海洋生物遗传学中的应用

DNA简单重复序列从1974年在海洋生物中被发现,到1989年“微卫星”术语开始使用这段时间是这种新型分子标记技术的发展阶段。伴随着PCR技术的发明、成熟与拓展,微卫星DNA以其多态性高、随机分布、共显性遗传、重复性好等特点在生物学的个体及系统发育方面得到很广泛的应用。本文从微卫星DNA的发展简史开始,较详细地介绍了它的原理、方法及策略,然后概括了在海洋动、植物的遗传学中,微卫星DNA在遗传多样性分析、遗传图谱构建、基因鉴定和标记以及系谱认证等领域的研究,展望了其在海洋生物分子育种、基因克隆、生物保护等方面的应用前景。     

大亚湾紫红笛鲷野生群体遗传多样性的RAPD分析

紫红笛鲷野生群体样品取自广东大亚湾海区,取背部肌肉,提取DNA,用RAPD技术检测遗传多样性。40个随机引物当中,有11个引物得到了条带清晰、位点较多且重复性好的电泳图谱。11个引物共得到76个条带,其中48个多态位点,多态位点比例为63.16%。平均遗传距离为0.2144。遗传多样性指数为0.1876。结果显示,大亚湾海区的紫红笛鲷具有较丰富的遗传多样性,工程建设以及人为捕捞等对紫红笛鲷的遗传结构影响不明显。在该海区进行紫红笛鲷的养殖,可以选择野生紫红笛鲷作为亲本培育种苗,但应该注意合理的保护,防止遗传多样性的丧失。     

南涧干热退化山地植被恢复的植物多样性变化

对20世纪90年代初期在南涧县城后山干热退化山地上营造的五种不同人工植物群落与未经改造次生植被的物种组成与结构进行了调查,采用生物多样性指数和相似性指数对各个群落进行测度。结果表明,经过十几年的恢复和保护,各人工群落植物种数及耐荫种数均有增加,分别在54～29和7～4间,高于坡柳、黄茅草灌草坡（26种和2种）。恢复群落的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、P{elou均匀度指数和Margalef丰富度指数增加,其中乔木层Shannon-Wiener指数在0．15～1．45间;除桉树群落外灌木层Shannon-Wiener指数在0．91～0．76间,均明显大于坡柳、黄茅草灌草丛（0．44）;草本层Shannon．Wiener指数在0．39～1．49间,除桉树群落和新银合欢群落外也均有增加。恢复群落物种组成与结构逐渐向良性方向发展。然而,一些引进植物如山毛豆（Tephrosia caudida）在本地区早期阶段生长迅速并能够快速郁闭,为乡土植物生长创造了条件,但因自我更新能力差,已出现衰退现象,因此,应该加强人工群落保护和后续抚育管理,促进区域生态环境改善和良性发展。     

Response evaluation for horizontally loaded fixed‐head pile groups using 3‐D non‐linear analysis

The response of laterally loaded pile foundations may be significantly important in the design of structures for such loads. A static horizontal pile load test is able to provide a load–deflection curve for a single free‐head pile, which significantly differs from that of a free‐ or fixed‐head pile group, depending on the particular group configuration. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the influence of the interaction between the piles of a group fixed in a rigid pile cap on both the lateral load capacity and the stiffness of the group. For this purpose, a parametric three‐dimensional non‐linear numerical analysis was carried out for different arrangements of pile groups. The response of the pile groups is compared to that of the single pile. The influence of the number of piles, the spacing and the deflection level to the group response is discussed. Furthermore, the contribution of the piles constituting the group to the total group resistance is examined. Finally, a relationship is proposed allowing a reasonable prediction of the response of fixed‐head pile groups at least for similar soil profile conditions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sarma‐based key‐group method for rock slope reliability analyses

The methods used in conducting static stability analyses have remained pertinent to this day for reasons of both simplicity and speed of execution. The most well‐known of these methods for purposes of stability analysis of fractured rock masses is the key‐block method (KBM). This paper proposes an extension to the KBM, called the ‘key‐group method’ (KGM), which combines not only individual key‐blocks but also groups of collapsable blocks into an iterative and progressive analysis of the stability of discontinuous rock slopes. To take intra‐group forces into account, the Sarma method has been implemented within the KGM in order to generate a Sarma‐based KGM, abbreviated ‘SKGM’. We will discuss herein the hypothesis behind this new method, details regarding its implementation, and validation through comparison with results obtained from the distinct element method. Furthermore, as an alternative to deterministic methods, reliability analyses or probabilistic analyses have been proposed to take account of the uncertainty in analytical parameters and models. The FOSM and ASM probabilistic methods could be implemented within the KGM and SKGM framework in order to take account of the uncertainty due to physical and mechanical data (density, cohesion and angle of friction). We will then show how such reliability analyses can be introduced into SKGM to give rise to the probabilistic SKGM (PSKGM) and how it can be used for rock slope reliability analyses. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

太行山南段甘陶河群铜矿化特征及控矿因素分析

对太行山南段铜矿化带成矿地质背景、甘陶河群火山岩铜矿化特征及控矿因素进行了翔实的研究。结果认为,宏观上,太行山南段铜矿化带受裂陷槽和变质核杂岩构造体系的控制。铜矿化的产出受层位、岩性、韧脆性断裂、围岩蚀变等因素的联合控制,矿体呈脉状、似层状产出,矿石类型以细脉浸染状为主。进一步找矿方向重点应是深部找矿,工作方法采用综合找矿,主要手段为物探电法和钻探工程。     

Elastic waves along a cylindrical borehole in a poroelastic medium saturated by two immiscible fluids

The propagation of elastic waves along a cylindrical borehole filled with/without liquid and embedded in an infinite porous medium saturated by two immiscible fluids has been studied. The theory of porous media saturated by two immiscible fluids developed by Tuncay and Corapcioglu (1997) is employed. Frequency equations determining the phase velocity of axial symmetric waves are obtained. It is found that the surface waves along cylindrical borehole are dispersive. The dispersion equation of Rayleigh-type surface waves along the boundary of a poroelastic solid half-space saturated by two immiscible fluids is also obtained. Some special cases have been deduced and the dispersion curves are obtained numerically for a peculiar model. It is found that the density of fluids affects the Rayleigh mode.     

Lead isotope study of the late Archean Lac des Iles palladium deposit,Canada: enrichment of platinum group elements by ponded sulfide melt

Lead isotopic compositions of mineral separates are presented from the mineralized zones (Roby, Twilight, and High Grade zones) of the Lac des Iles palladium deposit (approximately 2.69 Ga) and tonalitic country rocks (approximately 2.727 to 2.775 Ga) in the Wabigoon subprovince of the western Superior Province of Canada. Plagioclase separates show Pb isotope ratios similar to those of the late Archean depleted mantle. Sulfide minerals coexisting with plagioclase have a more radiogenic Pb isotope composition, but very low concentrations of U (<0.2 ppb U) and Th (<0.01 ppb) compared to Pb (≫50 ppb). The isotope data are consistent with a model involving the incorporation of radiogenic Pb from country rocks to sulfide melt near the base of the magma chamber or along the conduit of the parental magmas. The proposed interpretation is also supported by decreasing Cu/Pd ratios from earlier barren to late fertile gabbro intrusions in the complex. The ponding sulfide melt became enriched in platinum group elements, as it was interacting with a large magma volume during the evolution of the Lac des Iles igneous complex.