Balance Between Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Components and Processes in Microbenthic Communities of Sandy Sediments: A Field Study

The microscopic community of a microtidal sandy sediment on the Swedish west coast was studiedin situat two depths (0·5 and 4 m) on four occasions (January, April, August and October). Biomass of microalgae, bacteria, ciliates and meiofauna, as well as primary and bacterial productivity, were quantified. Meiofaunal grazing on algae and bacteria was measured simultaneously by radiolabelling intact sediment cores. Autotrophic biomass dominated the microbial community at both depths and on all sampling occasions, accounting for 47–87% of the microbial biomass. Meiofauna contributed 10–47%, while bacteria and ciliates together made up less than 6%. The microflora was dominated by attached (epipsammic) diatoms, but occasional ‘ blooms ’ of motile species occurred. Vital cells of planktonic diatoms contributed to benthic algal biomass in spring. Primary productivity exceeded bacterial productivity in April and August at both depths, while the balance was reversed in October and January. Meiofauna grazed between 2 and 12% of the algal biomass per day, and between 0·3 and 37% of the bacterial biomass. Almost an order of magnitude more algal (17–138 mg C m⁻²) than bacterial (0·1–33 mg C m⁻²) carbon was grazed daily. At the shallow site, primary productivity always exceeded grazing rates on algae, whereas at the deeper site, grazing exceeded primary productivity in October and January. Bacterial productivity exceeded grazing at both depths on all four occasions. Thus, meiofaunal grazing seasonally controlled microalgal, but not bacterial, biomass. These results suggest that, during summer, only a minor fraction (<10%) of the daily microbenthic primary production appears to enter the ‘ small food web ’ through meiofauna. During spring and autumn, however, a much larger fraction (≈30–60%) of primary production may pass through meiofauna. During winter, meiofaunal grazing is a less important link in the shallow zone, but at sublittoral depths, algal productivity may be limiting, and meiofauna depend on other food sources, such as bacteria and detritus.     

Mn-oxide: a major source of easily mobilisable Co and Ni under reducing conditions in New Caledonia FerralsolsLes oxydes de Mn : une source majeure de Co et Ni facilement mobilisables en conditions réductrices dans les Ferralsols de Nouvelle-Calédonie

Chemical and bacterial reduction and dissolution of Fe and Mn-oxide and the concomitant solubilisation of Co and Ni were studied in a surface horizon of a New-Caledonia Ferralsol. Chemical extractions showed that Mn and Co were in a large part associated in Mn-oxides. The main part of Ni was associated with goethite, but a very small fraction was also associated with Mn-oxides. Anaerobic reducing bacterial activity was responsible for Fe solubilisation at a smaller extent than for Mn solubilisation and consequently for associated metal release. Submicroscopic investigations revealed the presence of a Mn-oxide containing Co, Ni and Al, close to a lithiophorite–asbolane mixed-layers Mn-oxide, which can be considered as a main source of easily available metals in this soil. To cite this article: C. Quantin et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 273–278.     

能谱特征参数与之差异及古铀量计算公式的修正

本文提出并论证了区域性钍铀比计算古铀量时所采用的正确表达式是　，而不是目前人们常用的　，并据此将古铀量计算公式　修正为     

大兴安岭中段二叠系地球化学特征及其成矿意义

二叠纪海相火山沉积岩系是大兴安岭中段出露的主要基底地层，是铜多金属矿床的主要赋矿围岩，其中成矿元素Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ａｇ、Ｓｎ均具有较高的丰度值，是形成矿床的重要物质来源，而不同矿床类型的时、空分布与早二叠世古构造沉积环境密切相关     

陕西秦巴地区金区域地球化学特征

陕西秦巴地区地层、岩石金的丰度大多低于地壳丰度值；金元素含量在空间上、岩石中以及构造带中的变化，找金综合信息异常分布的若干特征等都说明秦巴地区构造作用是金矿的主导控制因素，成矿物质来源于地幔。     

湖泊中磷的循环与沉积作用

地壳存在大量微溶性磷酸盐矿物，是湖泊中无限的磷源。中国云南省的滇池周围分布着大量早寒武世梅树村期磷块岩，其可溶性大于内生磷灰石，因此滇池湖水中磷的浓度提高，达０．０４～０．３８ｍｇ／Ｌ，是一般湖水中磷浓度的４～１０倍。藻类与细菌在滇池大量繁殖，摄取磷等营养物质，死亡后又被分解生成可溶性颗粒有机磷，磷质又返回湖水中，而那些分解后的水溶部分、不易分解的顽性组分或者不能为后来的生物所利用的组分，形成泥状沉积物或有机泥浆沉入湖底加入湖相沉积物。     

东南极拉斯曼丘陵斯托尼斯半岛地区化学元素分布特征

通过样品测定，运用统计方法分析了东南极拉斯曼丘陵斯托尼斯半岛岩石、土壤与风化壳、大气降水、湖泊等环境要素的化学元素丰度和特征。该区风化过程和成土过程微弱，地表环境化学元素分布具有较强的区域性特征。初步分析该地区环境中元素迁移转化规律以及低温环境条件下自然地理过程的特征。     

与细菌活动有关的成矿作用——两个欧洲铅锌矿床实例

法国布·玛和西班牙拉·弗矿床分别产于富含干酪根的白云岩和沥青的铁质白云岩中。正构烷、烷基环已烷、藿烷和甾烷等生物标志化合物研究揭示了成矿时发生过细菌活动。细菌在沉积－成岩早期发育于还原水体中，或在成岩期－成岩期后由大气降水自地表带来，其赖以生存的有机质既可以是生物聚合体（布·玛矿床），亦可以是地质聚合体（拉·弗矿床）。这些微生物在１００℃以下的温度条件下生存繁殖，使硫酸盐还原生成硫化氢，导致铅锌硫化物沉淀     

Role of Bacteria in the Carbon and Nitrogen Flow between Water-Column and Sediment in a Shallow Marine Bay (Bay of Piran, Northern Adriatic Sea)

Abstract. The interdependences between phytoplankton standing crop, bacterial biomass and the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool in the water column were investigated and related to sediment parameters in a shallow marine bay (Bay of Piran, Northern Adriatic Sea) over an annual cycle. Bacterioplankton density varied between 1–10 × 10⁵ cells ml^-1, with lowest density observed in March corresponding to the low Chi a concentrations during this period. Generation times as determined by dialysis incubations ranged between 4h (June) and 82 h (March). Mean bacterial secondary production rates during summer were about 40 mg C m^-1 d^-1 and 5mg C m^-3.d^-1 during winter. With a short time lag, DOM concentrations followed the fluctuation in Chi a.
Sediment oxygen demand measurements revealed a mean mineralization rate of about 260 mg C m^-2 d^-1 during summer and 100–200 mg C m^-2 d^-1 in winter. Sediment bacterial density varied between 10⁸ - 10⁹ cells g (sediment dry wt)^-1 in the top 5 cm sediment layer or, in terms of biomass, 4.3 g C m^-l during summer and 0.6 g C m^-2 during winter. Highest concentrations of DOM in pore waters were measured in September, coinciding with high rates of sediment oxygen demand.