太湖梅梁湾冬末春初浮游动物时空变化及其环境意义

根据１９９８年２－３月完全原庆湖梅梁湾地区水环境综合调查,对有关浮游动物时空情况进行了分析,这次调查共设７个点,湾口上的Ｊ２,Ｊ４与湾内的Ｊ６,Ｊ７均是分５层采样,共分无风,小风和大风３次天气过程,每次过程采集２到３次样品与记录。结果显示,太湖梅梁湾地区浮游生物中枝角类和桡足类的生物量与水温变化关系密切,水温越高,生物量越高,温度相同时,其生物量与透明度呈正比。     

硫化物细菌氧化作用机理研究

从硫化物矿床酸性矿坑水中分离的细菌Thiobacillus Ferrooxidans直接作用于硫化物,有效地加速了硫化物的氧化过程。在细菌作用下硫酸铁可溶解微粒金,显示了细菌是硫化物矿床氧化带中金表生富集的重要微生物因素。在细菌氧化过程中,高浓度Fe~(3+)和SO_4~(2+)的硫酸盐溶液直接形成草黄铁矾;而在低浓度Fe~(3+)的硫酸盐溶液中形成针铁矿。同时,细菌的耐酸性和氧化功能,为酸性矿坑水的处理提供微生物化学途径。     

The Ultrastructure and Origin of Upper Sinian Cherts on the Southeast Continental Margin of the Yangtze Platform1

Abstract Through microscopic and SEM observations and X-ray diffraction and energy spectrum analyses, the oldest sponge spicules and radiolarians have been found in bedded cherts and it is proposed that microbial activity of algae and bacteria played an important role in silica precipitation. The microbial activity resulted in the formation of a series of single crystals and crystal aggregates with peculiar shapes. Biogenic single crystals usually occur in spherical, rod, platy, colloidal and granular forms. The most common aggregates are framboidal aggregates composed of dense spherical quartz crystals, which are considered to be of typical bacterial origin. Other aggregates, such as favositic, double-spherical, chain -spherical and coccoid ones, are considered to be probably the result of silicification of algal cells and mainly of primary sedimentary origin. This paper also discusses the ultrastructural features and diagnostic indications of jasper rocks formed in a submarine hydrothermal environment and cherts formed by replacement and diagenetic recrystallisation.     

长白山小天池和长白瀑布水体典型样本的细菌多样性比较

水体中微生物对环境的改变有着敏感的响应。16S rRNA基因克隆文库可以同时反映标本中的细菌种类和各种细菌的相对比例。本研究构建环境样品16S rRNA基因的克隆文库,解析长白山小天池入水口和长白瀑布下水潭两个典型水体样本中的细菌种属多样性特征,并探讨其与水体性质的关系。小天池文库共获得89条16S rRNA基因序列,分别属于10个类群,其中Betaproteobacteria是主要类群(占总数的23.6%)。长白瀑布文库共获得88条序列,分别属于8个类群,以Betaproteobacteria为主要类群(占总数的35.2%)。Bacteroidetes、Betaproteobacteria、Alphaproteobacteria和Gammaproteobacteria是两个样本共有的优势类群,而Deltaproteobacteria、Acidobacteria和Armatimonadetes只在小天池入水口处检出。长白瀑布水潭中的细菌群落多样性明显偏低,种群均匀度指数也较低,但两样本的地理距离极短,认为人类活动可能是导致这种差异的原因。     

Petrogenetic significance of rare-earth element behavior in the basement rocks of southern Obudu Plateau, Bamenda Massif, southeastern Nigeria

Rock samples representing various igneous and metamorphic rocks of southern Obudu Plateau were analyzed for rare-earth element ( REE ) behavior by ICP-MS. Results of the analyses indicate a range of REE abundances and distinctive patterns from highly fraetionated patterns with negative Eu anomalies in granitic rocks to relatively low abundances and less REE fractionated flat patterns with little Eu anomaly in some paragneisses, schists, enderbites and dolerites to unfractionated patterns with positive Eu anomalies in some paragneisses and charnockites. Over all, there are low to high ∑ REE contents with negative to positive Eu anomalies. The ratios of different parameters, especially La/Yb and Ce/Yb, show behaviors consistent with crustal to mantle derivation. The heterogeneity of REE abundances and REE patterns reflects mantle to crustal petrogenetic variations of different rock suites on the Plateau. The LREE content is higher than the HREE content in the highly differentiated rocks, as evidenced by their La/Yb,Ce/Yb and La/Sm ratios, which are normally higher in residual products than in primary melts. The dominantly intermediate nature of the source rock of the orthogneisses is suggested by the generally low ∑ REE. The granites enriched in LREE and depleted in HREE and some of the charnockites with negative Eu anomalies were probably formed by partial melting and crystallization.     

多期岩浆分离结晶作用中微量元素丰度关系

本文提出了多期岩浆分离结晶中元素丰度关系的数学表达式;阐述了微量元素正向演化和反向演化的机理;指出了在不同岩浆分离阶段一些微量元素丰度关系常数(R)有明显变化,可以此作为阶段划分的依据。由峨嵋山玄武岩系及基性-超基性层状岩体研究所得出的元素丰度关系式,适用于其他成分岩浆分离结晶成因的岩浆岩系。本文着重列举数据较齐全的智利安底斯山脉玄武岩、玄武安山岩、安山岩、英安岩和流纹岩岩系的资料作为系统验证。     

内蒙古西部银根-额济纳旗盆地石炭系—二叠系暗色泥质岩有机质丰度变化特征和生烃潜力

银-额盆地石炭系—二叠系1100多个暗色泥质岩样品的有机质丰度、热解分析结果表明,依据TOC的评价标准,银-额（银根-额济纳旗）盆地石炭系—二叠系暗色泥岩和页岩达到烃源岩标准的样品占总样品数的50%以上,达到好烃源岩标准的样品占总样品数的15%以上。纵向上银-额盆地石炭系—二叠系从下部的上石炭统—下二叠统阿木山组/甘泉组、中—下二叠统埋汗哈达组、中二叠统阿其德组/菊石滩组到上二叠统哈尔苏海组,暗色泥质岩的有机质丰度具有从下到上总体降低的趋势;平面上同一层段中具有北部地区TOC高于南部地区、西部地区TOC高于东部地区的分布特征,这种分布特征与该区的沉积环境相吻合。研究区露头样品热解分析所获的生烃潜量和氢指数结果不能作为评价烃源岩的指标。     

Patterns of shrub species richness and abundance in relation to environmental factors on the Alxa Plateau: Prerequisites for conserving shrub diversity in extreme arid desert regions

Shrub species are considered the dominant plants in arid desert ecosystems, unlike in semiarid steppe zones or in grassland ecosystems. On the Alxa Plateau, northern China, sparse vegetation with cover ranging from 15% to 30% is characterized mainly by multifarious shrubs because herbaceous species are strongly restricted by the extreme drought climate, wind erosion, overgrazing and sand burial. Patterns in shrub species richness and species abundance in relation to environmental conditions were examined by DCA (detrended correspondence analysis) and interpreted by a biplot. The relationships between species diversity and environmental factors were examined using regression analyses. Our results show that the distributions of the shrub species in response to environmental conditions can be grouped into four ecological types, corresponding with the biological traits of the shrubs and their responses to the gradients of soil texture and soil water content. Patterns in species richness and species abundance were mainly determined by the deeper soil water content, instead of the soil texture as hypothesized by numerous studies in semiarid grasslands. With exception of the deeper soil water content, soil organic matter and total N content were positively correlated with species abundance, while pH was negatively correlated with it. These findings imply that it is vital for current shrub diversity conservation to reduce agricultural water use in the middle reaches of the Heihe River, which supplies water for the lower reaches in the western parts of the plateau, and to reduce the amount of groundwater exploitation and urban and oasis water use, to increase the water supply from Helan Mountain to the eastern desert of the Alxa Plateau. Supported by National Key Technology R & D Program (Grant Nos. 2007BAD46B03, 2006BAD26B0201) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Gant No. 40825001)     

Field observations on correlation of fatty acid profiles between suspended particulate matter and green-lipped mussels in subtropical waters of Hong Kong

By analysis of the fatty acid profiles in mussel tissues and suspended particulate matter (SPM) in water, the present study showed a significant relationship of the trophic linkage between mussels and the SPM. At seven locations from inner to outer areas along the eutrophic Tolo Harbour and Tolo Channel, Hong Kong, the composition (as percentage of total fatty acids) of both monoenoic and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the tissues of green-lipped mussels Perna viridis and SPM in water had significant correlation (p<0.01). In particular, the composition of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n3) (as percentage of total fatty acids) in mussel tissues was statistically correlated with that in SPM (p<0.01), implying that mussels incorporate DHA, the biomarker of dinoflagellates. Principal component analysis further demonstrated that the fatty acid profiles of SPM were different among locations in the harbour, mid and outer channel of the study area, so were the mussel tissue fatty acid profiles. Cluster analysis of phytoplankton data also revealed the dominance of diatoms in the inner harbour and channel areas, whereas dinoflagellates were abundant in the outer channel waters. The possible implications of using benthic suspension feeders such as green-lipped mussels P. viridis for controlling phytoplankton abundance in coastal waters are discussed.     

Spatial and temporal dynamics of bacterial contamination in South France coastal rivers: focus on in‐stream processes during low flows and floods

Faecal indicator bacteria (thermotolerant coliform and faecal streptococci) were enumerated in a Mediterranean coastal river to evaluate bacterial contamination levels in relation to hydrological conditions, to estimate delivery of bacterial loads to transitional and coastal waters (Thau lagoon) and to identify bacterial sources of pollution and their contribution to the bacterial flow. Results showed that (1) in low flow conditions, mean bacterial concentrations were higher than EU guidelines for bathing waters; (2) floods had higher concentrations of indicator bacteria than low flows; (3) low flow conditions represented a negligible proportion of bacterial loads compared with high flow and flood periods; (4) during medium and low flow conditions, bacteria were stored in riverbed fine sediments forming in‐stream stores that may be flushed during floods; (5) the first flush effect was highlighted during an early autumn flood as was the role of in‐stream stores during the course of the flood; and (6) point sources that continuously feed the river are contributing to the pool of bacteria accumulated in the riverbed sediment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.