洞庭湖和鄱阳湖水体细菌空间分布特征及驱动机制

为了探讨洞庭湖和鄱阳湖水体细菌的群落组成、空间分布特征及其驱动机制,于2017年9月,采用高通量测序技术、基于16S rRNA分子标记进行单分子测序,分别对两湖共57个位点的水体细菌群落组成进行了研究,同步监测了水体的理化指标。结果表明：洞庭湖和鄱阳湖共发现水体细菌20门42纲93目191科533属,在门水平上,洞庭湖和鄱阳湖的水体细菌组成均以放线菌门、蓝细菌门和变形菌门为主;主成分分析结果表明,两湖水环境条件有显著性差异,鄱阳湖的空间差异性大于洞庭湖;Mantel分析表明显著影响蓝细菌类群和其他类群组成的因素较为一致,在洞庭湖以物理环境因子和营养盐因子为主,而鄱阳湖以物理环境因子为主;零模型分析结果显示随机性过程为两湖水体细菌的群落构建机制的主要成分,占比分别为58.8%和79.7%。总体来说,鄱阳湖水环境空间异质性更高,水体细菌受到一些水文水动力学因子介导的物理环境因子影响,且其群落构建机制由随机性过程主导;洞庭湖水环境空间异质性较低,水体细菌受到物理环境因子和营养盐因子的共同影响,其群落构建机制由随机性过程和确定性过程共同决定。认识两湖水体细菌在空间上的分布及影响因素差异,对两湖...     

Seasonal changes of microbial populations in the sediments of the basins of Lugano and Agno

This research was carried out with the aim to explore the heterotrophic microbial population of two sediments in different oxic conditions of the Lake of Lugano (Lago di Lugano). The values of the viable bacterial counts found in our sediment samples were typical for an eutrophic lake.The increase in the proportion of anaerobic to aerobic bacteria at 30 °C observed in the sediment samples of Agno may reflect the depletion of oxygen concentrations in the water column.The generaAeromonas, Pseudomonas, Bacillus andClostridium, as well as strains belonging to the Coryneform-group, represented the major taxonomic groups of heterotrophic bacterial communities in the water-sediment interface.     

Recent studies on bacterial populations and processes in subseafloor sediments: A review

Subsurface bacteria also occur in hydrothermal sediments with large temperature gradients (up to 12 °C/m) and with population numbers similar to non-hydrothermal sites at temperatures from psychrophilic to mesophilic. At greater depths and temperatures, populations decline rapidly, but they are still significant up to hyperthermophilic temperatures and are even stimulated by subsurface seawater flow. These results suggest that temperature alone does not limit bacteria in non-hydrothermal sediments until about 4 km, and evidence exists that bacterial processes may even be sustained by interaction with thermogenic processes as temperatures increase during deep burial. Experiments demonstrate that in the presence of readily degradable organic substrates, actively growing bacteria can move faster than sediment deposition; hence, these bacteria are not necessarily trapped and buried. However, bacterial growth decreases with depth to such an extent that subsurface bacteria would not be able to keep up with sedimentation rate and hence would be buried. In some circumstances, such as in sapropel layers with high organic matter in the Mediterranean, bacteria may be buried within a specific deposition horizon. Subsurface bacteria can utilize old and recalcitrant organic matter, but only very slowly, and they seem to have a strategy of high biomass and low growth rate, commensurate with their geological habitat of generally low energy flux. Received, March 1999/Revised, August 1999/Accepted, November 1999     

面向用户对象的CORS运维服务综合体系研究

随着国家、省、市各级CORS的不断建设,如何便捷高效维护CORS基础平台,充分发挥CORS的服务效能已成为当前需要解决的一个重要问题,本文在大量调研分析的基础上,结合NJCORS运维经验,提出了面向用户对象的CORS运维服务综合体系,并基于该体系理念,构建完成了基于B/S架构的“南京市连续运行基准站网运维与位置服务系统...     

Estimating fractal dimension of lineaments using box counting method for the Indian landmass

A fractal in general is a scale-invariant object that has an underlying power-law equation and is characterized by a positive fractal dimension. The fractal dimension of the Indian landmass is evaluated from the lineament map by utilizing the MATLAB programme for box counting method. The lineament map of India is divided into grids. The fractal dimension of each grid is obtained and the values are mapped. Most of the regions of India has fractal dimension in the range 1–1.25. The fractal values are compared with b-value in Gutenberg–Richter equation which gives a relationship between frequency of occurrence of earthquake and its magnitude. The estimation of b-value requires a complete earthquake dataset. In regions where the complete earthquake data are not available, the fractal dimension evaluated from the study can be used as a parameter to assess the seismic hazard of the region.     

念青唐古拉山扎当冰川退缩前沿土壤性质与可培养细菌多样性变化

通过细菌的分离培养和土壤性质的测定,分析了念青唐古拉山扎当冰川退缩前沿土壤中可培养细菌的多样性和土壤性质的变化.结果表明:土壤中可培养细菌的数量为104~105CFU.g-1,可培养细菌隶属于α-Proteobacteria、β-Proteobacteria、γ-Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes和Actinobacteria 5个类群.随冰川退缩年代不同土壤中细菌多样性有明显变化,土壤的C、N含量与距冰川前沿的距离之间呈正相关,即土壤暴露时间越长,C、N含量越高.结果说明,冰川退缩前沿的土壤中存在着丰富的细菌资源,细菌的组成发生着动态的变化,同时也影响着土壤的理化性质.     

“四深”微生物的地质作用——从气候环境变化到生态灾难

“四深”微生物是指深海、深地、深空和深时环境的微生物,特别是细菌、古菌、真菌、病毒等。人们对“四深”微生物的了解非常有限,是亟待突破的地球生物学前沿领域。“四深”微生物的研究对理解地球生命起源、界定生物圈的边界条件、促进地球科学与生命科学以及行星科学之间的交叉融合具有不可替代性的贡献。随着我国深海、深空、深地等重大工程计划的推进,一系列与“四深”微生物有关的前沿科学问题不断提出,包括地质微生物与气候环境的相互作用、地质微生物的生物安全与生态安全、地质微生物参与的隐匿地质过程等。特别是,“四深”环境活性氧自由基对微生物的影响、地质病毒对生物演化和地质过程的影响等前沿领域都亟待突破。活性氧自由基能对生物分子、细胞、组织和器官,乃至整个生物圈的演化以及微生物地质作用都产生重要影响。病毒引发了现代和近代诸多全球性疫情爆发,地质病毒则可能对生物的背景灭绝和大灭绝以及一些地质过程产生影响。     

Microbial lipids from a nearshore sediment from Bowling Green Bay,North Queensland: The fatty acid composition of intact lipid fractions

Samples from a sediment core collected in Bowling Green Bay, North Queensland have been analysed for hexane/isopropanol extractable lipids and fatty acids. These data revealed a subsurface lipid abundance maximum at 3–4 cm depth and consistent low total fatty acid abundances (ca 2 μg/g) in the deeper samples ( > 10 cm depth). Lipid phosphate was below the level of detection in all the samples. Bacterial community structure was found to vary markedly in the upper 10 cm of the core, with the 18:1Δ11 bacterial chemotype predominant in the surface sediment and trans-acid chemotypes dominating in the 3–4 cm depth sediment. Based on the fatty acid composition, the bacterial biomass was estimated to vary from 199 μg/g at 3–4 cm depth toca 8 μg/g at 11–13 cm depth, although the fatty acid distributions indicated possible interference from protozoan detritus. In order to test this possibility, a surface sediment sample from a nearby site was extracted and analysed for fatty acids in lipid fractions separated by silica column chromatography. The fatty acid distributions in lipid fractions containing wax/steryl esters, triacylglycerols, glycolipids and phospholipids were markedly different. These analyses were interpreted in terms of fatty acid contributions to the extractable lipids from bacteria, cyanobacteria, protozoan detritus and highly degraded organic matter.     

Rates of microbial hydrogen oxidation and sulfate reduction in Opalinus Clay rock

Hydrogen gas (H₂) may be produced by the anoxic corrosion of steel components in underground structures, such as geological repositories for radioactive waste. In such environments, hydrogen was shown to serve as an electron donor for autotrophic bacteria. High gas overpressures are to be avoided in radioactive waste repositories and, thus, microbial consumption of H₂ is generally viewed as beneficial. However, to fully consider this biological process in models of repository evolution over time, it is crucial to determine the in situ rates of microbial hydrogen oxidation and sulfate reduction. These rates were estimated through two distinct in situ experiments, using several measurement and calculation methods. Volumetric consumption rates were calculated to be between 1.13 and 1.93 μmol cm⁻³ day⁻¹ for H₂, and 0.14 and 0.20 μmol cm⁻³ day⁻¹ for sulfate. Based on the stoichiometry of the reaction, there is an excess of H₂ consumed, suggesting that it serves as an electron donor to reduce electron acceptors other than sulfate, and/or that some H₂ is lost via diffusion. These rate estimates are critical to evaluate whether biological H₂ consumption can negate H₂ production in repositories, and to determine whether sulfate reduction can consume sulfate faster than it is replenished by diffusion, which could lead to methanogenic conditions.     

利用硫氧化细菌改良盐碱土

硫氧化细菌具有氧化单质硫及硫化物,生成硫酸的特性。根据硫氧化细菌的这种生物特性,使其在盐碱土中发生生化反应,将硫磺粉氧化生成硫酸,中和盐碱土中的OH^-,从而达到改良盐碱土的目的。在实验中,土样分为吹填土、盐田土、农田土、绿化土4组,将一定体积的氧化硫硫杆菌、排硫杆菌菌液和硫磺粉加入到各土样中,每12 h观测一次土壤上清液的pH值和电导率。实验结果表明:氧化硫硫杆菌和排硫杆菌对降低土壤pH值有明显作用,使土壤pH值由7.5降低到7.2,对改良碱土有一定的作用。