Sensitivity analysis of sediment flux derived by laser diffraction and acoustic backscatter within a reservoir

A combination of two indirect methods to measure sediment flux is presented in this study to evaluate suspended sediment transport in a hydropower reservoir. The acoustic backscatter signal (ABS) from an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) is therefore applied in pre-defined transects within the reservoir in combination with a Laser In-Situ Scattering Transmissometry – stream lined device (LISST-SL). The stationary LISST-SL derived suspended sediment concentration (SSC) measurements are used to calibrate the ABS. From the LISST-SL measurements a time series of SSC is obtained. This enables, in addition, a comprehensive data analysis to evaluate the influence of natural fluctuations of the SSC on the calculated sediment flux, which should be taken into account when assessing sediment transport. Furthermore SSC measurements are done with the LISST-SL close to the reservoir bed. In areas close to the bed no information regarding the ABS is available from the ADCP measurements due to the side-lobe interference. In various studies the information from the last three valid cells is used for extrapolation. However, as result of a comparison of the LISST-SL measurements with extrapolated SSC values from the ADCP measurements it can be seen that, especially in deep reservoirs, this method has to be adapted to the in-situ conditions.     

结合时间序列Sentinel-1数据和面向对象的湿地信息提取方法

基于光学影像的遥感技术受云雨等天气条件影响较大,而合成孔径雷达(SAR)由于具有穿透能力可以很好的克服这一缺陷。本文以黑龙江流域扎龙湿地为研究区域,采用时间序列C波段双极化(VV、VH)Sentinel-1数据,结合面向对象的图像分析技术对扎龙湿地进行分类。对比分析了5种机器学习算法得出随机森林算法的精度最高,总体精度为88.43%,Kappa系数为0.8646,其中沼泽的制图精度达到84.68%,用户精度达到89.47%。使用Sentinel-1数据对扎龙湿地进行湿地信息提取的最佳时相为5月、7月和8月。     

混浊水域多波束反向散射强度传播损失改正

为了改善现有的反向散射强度传播损失改正方法在混浊水域适应性较弱的问题,提出了混浊水域声传播损失计算模型。首先利用不同深度的海洋环境参数构建声波吸收系数剖面,然后基于声速,沿波束传播路径,对每个波束分层计算传播损失。实验分析表明,本方法传播损失改正效果最佳,其Spearman等级相关系数绝对值仅为0.04,远小于传统模型和TVG改正,大大减弱了混浊水域情况下多波束回波强度与传播距离的相关性,有效改善了多波束声呐图像的质量。     

多波束声呐图像条带中央和边缘残差处理方法

多波束声呐图像是进行海底底质分类的主要数据源之一,由于受海洋噪声、声波散射和混响、仪器设备等因素影响,其经各项常规改正后仍存在明显残差,突出表现在中央波束区和条带重叠区,难以形成高质量的声呐图像。文中分析了多波束声呐图像残差的成因及影响,提出了一种基于多条带最小二乘拟合的多波束声呐图像残差处理方法。首先,得到相邻声脉冲(ping)信号中央区域、重叠区域以及整体趋势的拟合函数;然后,通过拟合函数计算得到中央和重叠区域的残差改正系数;最后,通过改正系数进行残差改正。实验分析表明,该方法在保留原始细节的基础上,有效削弱了残差对声呐图像的影响,对多波束声呐图像处理具有参考和应用价值。     

利用ADCP和LISST-100仪观测悬浮物浓度的研究

利用黄河口海床基声学多普勒流速剖面仪(ADCP)的周日观测资料对悬浮物浓度进行了反演,反演过程中综合考虑了球面扩散、声学近场的非球面扩散、海水和悬浮颗粒的吸收衰减以及其他因素对回声信号的影响,结果表明在粒径保持相对稳定的情况下,利用ADCP仪回声强度反演悬浮物浓度具有较高的精度.结合现场激光粒度仪(LISST-100)测得的粒径分布信息在反演过程中考虑了粒径修正,重点讨论了观测区域粒径变化对结果的影响,结果表明粒径的剧烈变化会降低体积后向散射强度与悬浮物浓度之间的相关性.大颗粒物质的存在使计算得到的悬浮物浓度偏高,粒径修正虽然在一定程度上消除了这种影响,但线性拟合的相关性并未提高.     

Drowned shelf-edge deltas, barrier islands and related features along the outer continental shelf north of the head of De Soto Canyon, NE Gulf of Mexico

Four drowned shelf-edge delta complexes, two drowned shelf deltas, three drowned barrier islands, large areas of “hardground”, and fields of bedforms on the mid and outer continental shelf and uppermost slope north of the head of De Soto Canyon, NE Gulf of Mexico were mapped with high-resolution multibeam echosounder. Deltas formed not during the last eustatic low stand, but during one or more interstadials when eustatic sea levels were only 60 to 80 m below present sea level. The barrier islands and deltas must have been cemented prior to rapid falls of eustatic sea level that occurred during global glaciations. Cementation is necessary to have preserved the barrier islands from erosion and subsequent destruction by the rapid sea-level rise during the last deglaciation. The preservation of the relict bathymetry is so good that features that superficially resemble trough blowouts are found in association with one of the relict barrier islands. Asymmetric bedforms on the midshelf in water depths of 50 to 60 m indicate transport directions to the SW but asymmetric bedforms in water depths of the upper slope between 100 and 120 m on the S and SE flanks of the drowned shelf-edge deltas indicate a different current direction, a separate flow that is a continuation of a SW-flowing current that was previously found on the upper slope off NW Florida.     

Kyanite deformation in whiteschist of the ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic Kokchetav Massif, Kazakhstan

Microstructures in minerals from ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic (UHPM) terranes are keys to understanding the rheological properties and the exhumation mechanisms of rocks from subduction zones. Kyanite‐bearing whiteschist, associated with eclogite lenses, is part of UHPM unit II located south‐west of Lake Zheltau in the Kulet region of the Kokchetav Massif. The equilibrium assemblage is kyanite + garnet + talc + phengite + coesite/quartz. Previously reported peak pressure–temperature (P–T) conditions are ～3.5 GPa at 750 °C. A strong foliation is defined by the talc and phengite, with a corresponding weak shape preferred alignment of kyanite. Crystallographic orientation maps and analysis of kyanite blades were performed using electron backscatter diffraction methods. The data are consistent with a (100)[001] slip system for the formation of undulose extinction and kink bands in kyanite. Rotations measured across individual kink bands are 10–50° about <010>, and rotations along kyanite with undulose extinction are up to 50° about <010> with variations between adjacent points typically <2°. The undulose extinction is interpreted to have developed through crystal plastic deformation by dislocation creep. Kink bands mark the development of high‐angle grain boundaries by dislocation climb. The deformation of kyanite occurred in the fault‐bounded terrane during the exhumation of the Kokchetav Massif.     

When epitaxy controls garnet growth

Within a mica schist from the coesite-bearing Brossasco-Isasca Unit (Western Alps), microstructural analysis shows that Alpine garnet grains are aligned with the crenulated foliation. Garnet crystallographic orientation was analysed with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD): the obtained crystallographic dispersion patterns and distribution patterns of misorientation axes suggest a strong parallelism of {110} garnet planes with a 56°W-dipping foliation. The data are interpreted as evidence for an epitaxial growth of garnet upon (001) biotite planes, sometime during and/or after dispersion of the biotite/garnet crystals from their initially foliation-parallel orientation by rotation about the Alpine crenulation axis. This interpretation is based on the comparison of the measured EBSD data with: (i) theoretical dispersion trajectories of garnet crystallographic data, (ii) numerically modelled pole figures, and (iii) numerically modelled misorientation axis distribution patterns. Our data suggest that epitaxial growth of garnet upon biotite is allowed by distortion of the pseudohexagonal basal oxygen ring structure on (001) biotite surfaces, and that distortion is driven by introduction of missing ions. Our data further suggest that the spatial distribution of precursor phases influences the distribution patterns of garnet within mica schists.     

Utilization of Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) slag in the production of a hydraulic cement binder

Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) slag is a major waste product generated during the steelmaking process. In India and in most industrial countries, the use of BOF slag as a road ballast and land filler has had a very long history. This being a low end use, a study was conducted to examine the possibility of converting the slag into a hydraulic binder. This paper describes the effect of cooling rate on mineralogy and cementing characteristics of normal BOF slag as well as iron oxide-devoid BOF slag. Specifically, the mineralogy and compressive strengths of heat-treated slags were compared with a conventional ordinary Portland cement. It was found that the slowly cooled slags did not show any cementing properties. The iron oxide-devoid slag, on slow cooling, disintegrated into fine powder. The water-cured cubic specimens of quenched slag products were tested for their compressive strengths. The cementing properties of the quenched slag products were improved by formation of hydraulic phases and showed considerable strength after 28 days of water curing.