区域集合预报基于SKEB和多物理过程的混合模式扰动方法研究

为了研究随机动能后向散射(stochastic kinetic energy backscatter,SKEB)模式扰动方法在区域集合预报中的应用效果,基于WRF模式构建了集合预报系统,针对SKEB的扰动振幅进行了敏感性试验,以了解SKEB扰动的作用特征;发展了一种多物理过程组合(multi-physics,MPHY)与SKEB相结合的混合模式扰动方法(SKEB-MPHY),并对比了SKEB、MPHY以及SKEB-MPHY的预报效果,以探索区域集合预报的最优模式扰动实现方案。试验结果表明:SKEB方法通过固定的动能耗散率计算出流函数及温度扰动,从而对模式积分产生影响,且耗散率大小与预报离差正相关,垂直结构扰动不利于预报离差的发展。SKEB、MPHY以及SKEB-MPHY方法的对比试验表明,对于高空动力场预报离散度的增长,SKEB方法比MPHY方法占优,而低层温度预报离散度增长,MPHY比SKEB扰动方法占优,混合模式扰动方法的扰动增长能力在三种方案中表现最好。集合预报检验结果表明SKEB-MPHY方法评分优于单独的SKEB和MPHY方法。降水个例分析及降水评分结果表明与单独采用MPHY方法相比,引入SKEB方法可以对大雨预报有所改进。本文研究结果表明SKEB方法及在其基础上建立的混合模式扰动方法具有较好的应用前景。     

滇西三江地区西盟群的再认识——来自构造变形特征及锆石U-Pb年代学的证据

位于保山-掸泰地块东缘的西盟群,长期以来被认为是该地块在我国境内唯一出露的"前寒武纪"基底变质岩系,但其缺乏可靠的年代学数据和化石支持。本文基于详细地野外考察和显微构造分析认为,西盟群变质岩系可解体为花岗质糜棱岩和浅变质岩。前者主要出露于西盟穹形隆起的核部,遭受了强烈的韧性剪切变形;后者分布于隆起的边缘及东西两侧,归属为帕克组、王雅-允沟组。通过变形岩石的石英EBSD组构分析,揭示出位于西盟隆起核部的岩石经历了中等温度条件(550~650℃,角闪岩相)下的变形作用,并叠加了较低温度条件(400~550℃,绿片岩相)下的变形作用;而靠近西盟隆起边部的岩石仅经历了较低温度条件(400~550℃,绿片岩相)下的变形作用。本文还对西盟群变质岩中的3个花岗质糜棱岩样品进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年,得到的锆石U-Pb年龄分别为455±3Ma、456±3Ma和454±3Ma。结合前人获得的年代学数据和化石资料,认为西盟群变质岩系的原岩主要由两个不同时期的物质组成,即中-晚奥陶世(~460Ma)侵入的花岗岩及寒武纪的碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩夹少量基性火山岩等;前者遭受强烈变质变形作用的改造,形成花岗质糜棱岩;后者遭受低级变质作用形成千枚岩、片岩、大理岩等浅变质岩。进而表明,前人将西盟群作为保山地块的"前寒武系"结晶基底变质岩系是不合理的。     

Estimating instantaneous concentration of suspended sediment using acoustic backscatter from an ADV

The measurement of instantaneous sediment concentration remains a challenging task. In this study, a three-step procedure is proposed to estimate instantaneous sediment concentration using acoustic backscatter from Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV). The influences of acoustic noise and particle diameter on an ADV's performance was first tested in the laboratory, then the three-step procedure was verified based on field measurements in the Zhongxian and Fengjie reaches in the Three Gorges Reservoir. The first step involves reconstructing the backscatter signal time series. Due to contamination from both the noise floor and spurious spikes, the denoising-despiking method was applied instead of the traditional velocity-despiking methods, and this approach performed well based on spectrum ana-lysis. The second step involves calibrating the sediment concentration against the backscatter signal. A linear relation, whose slope and intercept were calibrated to be dependent on particle diameter, is proposed in double logarithmic coordinates. The third step involves calculating the instantaneous sediment concentration using reconstructed instantaneous backscatter based on the proposed relation. The accuracy of the proposed method was evaluated through consideration of the concentration spec-trum and sediment flux, indicating that the proposed three-step procedure is effective for the mea-surement of instantaneous sediment concentration.     

Exploring the Potential of Mapping Cropping Patterns on Smallholder Scale Croplands Using Sentinel-1 SAR Data

It is of paramount importance to have sustainable agriculture since agriculture is the backbone of many nations’ economic development. Majority of agricultural professionals rarely capture the cropping patterns necessary to promote Good Agricultural Practises.Objective of this research is to explore the potential of mapping cropping patterns occurring on different field parcels on small-scale farmlands in Zimbabwe. The first study location under investigation are the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center(CIMMYT) research station and a few neighboring fields, the second is Middle Sabi Estate. Fourier time series modeling was implemented to determine the trends befalling on the two study sites. Results reveal that Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar(SAR) time series allow detection of subtle changes that occur to the crops and fields respectively, hence can be utilized to detect cropping patterns on small-scale farmlands. Discrimination of the main crops(maize and soybean) grown at CIMMYT was possible, and crop rotation was synthesized where sowing starts in November. A single cropping of early and late crops was observed, there were no winter crops planted during the investigation period. At Middle Sabi Estate, single cropping on perennial sugarcane fields and triple cropping of fields growing leafy vegetables, tomatoes and onions were observed. Classification of stacked images was used to derive the crop rotation maps representing what is practised at the farming lands. Random forest classification of the multi-temporal image stacks achieved overall accuracies of 99% and 95% on the respective study sites. In conclusion, Sentinel-1 time series can be implemented effectively to map the cropping patterns and crop rotations occurring on small-scale farming land. We recommend the use of Sentinel-1 SAR multi-temporal data to spatially explicitly map cropping patterns of single-, double-and triple-cropping systems on both small-scale and large-scale farming areas to ensure food security.     

TanDEM-X multiparametric data features in sea ice classification over the Baltic sea

In this study, we assess the potential of X-band Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar imagery for automated classification of sea ice over the Baltic Sea. A bistatic SAR scene acquired by the TanDEM-X mission over the Bothnian Bay in March of 2012 was used in the analysis. Backscatter intensity, interferometric coherence magnitude, and interferometric phase have been used as informative features in several classification experiments. Various combinations of classification features were evaluated using Maximum likelihood (ML), Random Forests (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers to achieve the best possible discrimination between open water and several sea ice types (undeformed ice, ridged ice, moderately deformed ice, brash ice, thick level ice, and new ice). Adding interferometric phase and coherence-magnitude to backscatter-intensity resulted in improved overall classification per- formance compared to using only backscatter-intensity. The RF algorithm appeared to be slightly superior to SVM and ML due to higher overall accuracies, however, at the expense of somewhat longer processing time. The best overall accuracy (OA) for three methodologies were achieved using combination of all tested features were 71.56, 72.93, and 72.91％ for ML, RF and SVM classifiers, respectively. Compared to OAs of 62.28, 66.51, and 63.05％ using only backscatter intensity, this indicates strong benefit of SAR interferometry in discriminating different types of sea ice. In contrast to several earlier studies, we were particularly able to successfully discriminate open water and new ice classes.     

Assessment of acoustic backscatter intensity surveying on deep-sea ferromanganese crust: Constraints from Weijia Guyot,western Pacific Ocean

Near-bottom observation data from the manned deep submersible Jiaolong with high-precision underwater positioning data from Weijia Guyot, Magellan Seamounts in the Western Pacific Ocean are reported. Three substrate types were identified: Sediment, ferromanganese crust, and ferromanganese crust with a thin cover of sediment. The ferromanganese crusts show clear zoning and their continuity is usually disturbed by sediments on areas of the mountainside with relatively gentle slope gradients. The identified substrate spatial distributions correspond to acoustic backscatter intensity data, with regions of high intensity always including crust development and regions of low intensity always having sediment. Therefore, acoustic backscatter intensity surveying appears useful in the delineation and evaluation of crust resources, although further more work is needed to develop a practicable methodology.     

Evaluating and correcting rain effects on dual-frequency altimeter Jason-1 wind measurements

Rain is one of the main sources of error in dual-frequency altimeter Jason-1 wind measurement. In this study, a new radar altimeter backscatter model is proposed and validated to eliminate rain effects. The model takes into account attenuation, volume backscattering, and sea surface perturbation by raindrops under rain conditions. A match-up dataset is built to evaluate rain effects, in combination with the Jason-1 normalized radar cross section, precipitation radar data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, and sea surface wind reanalysis data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. The results show that rain-induced surface perturbation backscatter increases with rain rate at Ku-band, but their correlation at C-band is poor. In addition, rain surface perturbation and attenuation have major effects onradar altimeter wind measurements. Finally, a rain correction model for Jason-1 winds is developed and validation results prove its ability to reduce rain-induced inaccuracies in wind retrievals.     

Shock metamorphism in plagioclase and selective amorphization

Plagioclase feldspar is one of the most common rock‐forming minerals on the surfaces of the Earth and other terrestrial planetary bodies, where it has been exposed to the ubiquitous process of hypervelocity impact. However, the response of plagioclase to shock metamorphism remains poorly understood. In particular, constraining the initiation and progression of shock‐induced amorphization in plagioclase (i.e., conversion to diaplectic glass) would improve our knowledge of how shock progressively deforms plagioclase. In turn, this information would enable plagioclase to be used to evaluate the shock stage of meteorites and terrestrial impactites, whenever they lack traditionally used shock indicator minerals, such as olivine and quartz. Here, we report on an electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) study of shocked plagioclase grains in a metagranite shatter cone from the central uplift of the Manicouagan impact structure, Canada. Our study suggests that, in plagioclase, shock amorphization is initially localized either within pre‐existing twins or along lamellae, with similar characteristics to planar deformation features (PDFs) but that resemble twins in their periodicity. These lamellae likely represent specific crystallographic planes that undergo preferential structural failure under shock conditions. The orientation of preexisting twin sets that are preferentially amorphized and that of amorphous lamellae is likely favorable with respect to scattering of the local shock wave and corresponds to the “weakest” orientation for a specific shock pressure value. This observation supports a universal formation mechanism for PDFs in silicate minerals.     

Estimation of suspended sediment concentrations using Pulse-coherent Acoustic Doppler Profiler （PCADP）

The objective of the study is to investigate the suitability of using Pulse-coherent Acoustic Doppler Profiler (PCADP) to estimate suspended sediment concentration (SSC). The acoustic backscatter intensity was corrected for spreading and absorption loss, then calibrated with OBS and finally converted to SSC. The results show that there is a good correlation between SSC and backscatter intensity with R value of 0.74. The mean relative error is 22.4%. Then the time span of little particle size variation was also analyzed to exclude the influence of size variation. The correlation coefficient increased to 0.81 and the error decreased to 18.9%. Our results suggest that the PCADP can meet the requirement of other professional instruments to estimate SSC with the errors between 20% and 50%, and can satisfy the need of dynamics study of suspended particles. Supported by National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program, No. 2008AA09Z113)