Environmental controls on lambing rate in Patagonia (Argentina): A regional approach

Sheep herd sustainability in Patagonia is limited by reproductive efficiency. As the herds graze on natural vegetation year round, efficiency is constrained by biophysical factors. Our aim was to characterize the environmental controls over effective lambing rate in northwest Patagonia. We related remotely sensed data [surface temperatures and Normal Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), a surrogate for forage availability] and climatic information to lambing rates. A spatial model explained 63% of the variability in mean lambing rate, based on mean annual NDVI and mean spring surface temperature. The relative inter-annual variability in lambing rates was of similar magnitude to that of annual NDVI. Both lambing rate and NDVI were less variable than climatic factors. Two regional temporal models explained approximately 25% of the variability, based on NDVI values representative of ewes’ nutrition during late gestation and lambing. These models predicted, with 65% and 76% accuracy respectively, the occurrence of better-than-average and worse-than-average yearly lambing rates. These results provided insights into the factors limiting reproduction, and they form the basis for important decision tools for ranch managers. Prediction of lambing rates based on remotely sensed data will reduce the uncertainty and risk in sheep production, increasing the economic sustainability of sheep production.     

GALILEO系统完备性指标SISMA的计算和分析

利用GALILEO全球监测网络和中国地壳运动监测网络分别对GALILEO系统完备性指标SISMA进行仿真计算。结果表明,全球完备性监测SISMA结果不稳定,随地理位置的变化较大,不能满足局部地区的生命安全服务要求;利用适当布设的局域监测网络进行的SISMA局域监测数值稳定,变化较小,结果明显优于全球SISMA监测结果,可以满足生命安全服务要求,可信度达到100%。在我国进行局域SISMA监测,是对全球完备性监测进行的有效和必要补充,提高系统的可用性和定位可信度。     

高频地波雷达风场数据可用性分析

为了分析高频地波雷达能否应用于海面风场探测,以广东阳江高频地波雷达探测范围内的南鹏岛自动气象站探测的风向风速为参考,将高频地波雷达探测的风场数据与之相比较,通过分析不同季节、风速6~10 m/s及6 m/s以下等各种情况下地波雷达探测风场数据的获取率、标准差及可用性。结果表明,相对而言,地波雷达探测风向数据获取率高、标准差较小,可用性高,而风速获取率在6~10 m/s情况下较好,可用性较高,在低海况（6 m/s以下）时可用性低。     

一种双星故障条件下RAIM可用性评估的改进方法

在总结已有的RAIM可用性评估的矩阵最大特征值方法（MMEM）基础上,改进已有的双星故障条件下RAIM可用性方法中的数学模型,提出RAIM可用性评估的极大值方法（MM）。基于给定的完好性风险参数和国际GNSS监测评估系统（IGMAS）提供的2020-09-06中国境内8个跟踪站的BDS实测数据,利用2种方法计算双星故障条件下水平保护级别（HPL）,比较并分析2种方法在双星故障条件下BDS的RAIM可用性性能。结果表明,在中国境内,MMEM除在非精密进近（NPA）计算的RAIM可用性不及MM外,整体可用性高于MM,但MM耗时较少;MM计算的可用性能够完全满足航路和远洋2个阶段,MMEM计算的可用性可以完全满足终端、航路和远洋3个阶段;基于MM的RAIM可用性评估方法理论严密、数学模型简单、易于进行程序设计,是除MMEM外的另一种RAIM可用性评估方法。     

美国阿拉斯加金矿资源特征及远景区预测

阿拉斯加位于北美洲西北部,是美国最大的州,经历了约2亿年的地质构造演化,具有丰富的矿产资源,尤其是以岩金为主的黄金资源。中国对阿拉斯加地区研究较少,中文资料匮乏。通过研究,为保护中国黄金资源和推动中国企业在阿拉斯加“走出去”走出去提供了基础资料。收集资料发现,阿拉斯加金矿资源主要分布在东南部、西南部、中南部、中部和西部地区。金矿类型分为造山型、深成岩体型、侵入相关型、石英脉型、砂金型。通过分析阿拉斯加地质资料确定了4个远景区,由2个 Ⅰ 级远景区、1个 Ⅱ 级远景区和1个 Ⅲ 级远景区组成。建议中国企业关注 Ⅰ 级远景区。阿拉斯加金矿资源可利用性评价良好,值得中国企业关注。     

Inter- and intraspecific variations of the chemical properties of high-Arctic mosses along water-regime gradients

We examined and compared the contents of organic chemical components (lignin-like compounds, total carbohydrates and extractives), carbon and nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium) among the mosses Calliergon giganteum, Hylocomium splendens, Racomitrium lanuginosum, and among three populations of H. splendens collected from habitats in contrasting water regimes in the Canadian high-arctic tundra. C:N:P ratios were analyzed among and within moss species. Mosses from hydric habitats had lower total carbohydrate and higher nutrients contents than did mosses from drier habitats; however, we found no intraspecific variations in nitrogen and calcium contents in the different populations of H. splendens along water-regime gradients. The contents in lignin-like compounds, extractives and carbon showed no clear trends along water-regime gradients. Mosses from hydric habitats had lower C:N, C:P and N:P ratios than mosses from drier habitats, although we found no intraspecific variations in C:N ratios in H. splendens along water-regime gradients. These results suggest that chemical properties of mosses, especially nutrient contents, are strongly correlated with water availability in high-Arctic tundra.     

Changes in water availability in the Upper Blue Nile basin under the representative concentration pathways scenario

Climatic and hydrological changes will likely be intensified in the Upper Blue Nile (UBN) basin by the effects of global warming. The extent of such effects for representative concentration pathways (RCP) climate scenarios is unknown. We evaluated projected changes in rainfall and evapotranspiration and related impacts on water availability in the UBN under the RCP4.5 scenario. We used dynamically downscaled outputs from six global circulation models (GCMs) with unprecedented spatial resolution for the UBN. Systematic errors of these outputs were corrected and followed by runoff modelling by the HBV (Hydrologiska ByrånsVattenbalansavdelning) model, which was successfully validated for 17 catchments. Results show that the UBN annual rainfall amount will change by ?2.8 to 2.7% with a likely increase in annual potential evapotranspiration (in 2041–2070) for the RCP4.5 scenario. These changes are season dependent and will result in a likely decline in streamflow and an increase in soil moisture deficit in the basin.     

Galileo卫星导航系统初始运行阶段单点定位性能评估与分析

基于多GNSS实验跟踪网（the multi-GNSS experiment,MGEX)的实测数据,对当前Galileo单系统标准单点定位（SPP）和精密单点定位（PPP）性能进行评估与分析。结果表明：1）Galileo双频标准单点定位的水平精度优于2 m,垂向精度优于4 m;2）GAL-201、GAL-202可用于SPP解算,引入二者之后,平均定位可用率提升10%,达到80%以上;3）当观测时长为3 h时,Galileo静态PPP可达到水平方向优于5 cm、垂向优于7 cm的定位精度;而随着观测时长的增加,其精度逐步提高,当观测时长为24 h时,水平精度优于1 cm,垂向精度优于3 cm。