因瓦水准标尺尺长改正检定方法的对比研究

目前国内外新旧水准标尺检定装置并存,有传统的特定分划检定和采用自动化装置的全尺分划检定两种方法。为比较两种方法的差异,用配对样本t检验法对两种方法测量结果的一致性进行检验,对复现性条件下测量结果的可接受性进行评价,并对全尺分划检定进行重复性试验。结果表明,全尺分划检定与分米分划检定的结果无显著性差异|同一种检定方法的重复性误差与两种检定方法的互差为同一数量级。     

Evolution of an Ancient Large Lake in the Southeast of the Northern Tibetan Plateau

Nam Co is the largest (1920 km2 in area) and highest (4718 m above sea level) lake in Tibet. According to the discovery of lake terraces and highstand lacustrine deposits at several places in Nam Co and its adjacent areas, the authors confirm the existence of an ancient large lake in the southeastern part of the northern Tibetan Plateau. On the basis of the U-series, 14C and ESR dating, coupled with the levelling survey of lake deposits and geomorphology, the evolutionary process of the ancient large lake in the southeastern part of the northern Tibetan Plateau may fall into three stages: (1) the ancient large lake stage at 115-40 ka BP, when the ancient lake level was 140-26 m above the level of present Nam Co; (2) the outflow lake stage at 40-30 ka BP, when the ancient level was 26-19 m above the present lake level; and (3) the Nam Co stage since 30 ka BP, when the ancient lake level was < 19 m above the present lake level. During the ancient large lake stage, a large number of modern large, medium-siz     

一种测量水下设施水平度用的传感器

本文介绍一种新颖的压力变送器,它利用阀门切换的方式建立水平度测量的参考基准,凡是低于这个基准的,压力变送器输出正信号;凡是高于这个基准的,变送器输出负信号;信号大小与水平度偏差成正比,与深度无关。测量误差的绝对值不大于±１ｍｍ。并提出了解决海流干扰的措施。     

珠峰地区似大地水准面精化与珠峰顶正高的确定

本文使用珠峰及其周边地区的重力数据与SRTM3、1∶50000 DEM、GTOPO30地形数据,以该地区的44个GPS水准点为控制,选择国内外的EGM96、WDM94、IGG05B、DQM2000D和CG03C作为参考重力场模型,采用移去-恢复技术,首次完成了珠峰地区分辨率为2.5′×2.5′高精度似大地水准面,其精度达到±9 cm,并据此推算了珠峰顶高程异常值. 再利用登山线路上的新测重力点与珠峰地形数据,依据严格的重力归算理论及移去-恢复技术,完成了珠峰顶似大地水准面与大地水准面差值计算,即珠峰正常高与正高的换算.     

水准测量网监测在德州市地面沉降中的应用

山东地面沉降灾害以鲁北平原最为严重,在德州地区的地面沉降已对当地人民的正常生产和生活构成了威胁,并制约了当地经济的可持续发展。通过建立水准测量网络及监测运行,查明了德州市地面沉降的规模和范围,研究成果表明工作区均存在地面沉降现象,截至2010年,德城区由于地下水开采强度大,地面沉降幅度最大,目前地面累计沉降量为-1186．9～-636．9mm,多年平均沉降速率为59．35mm／a,形成了以市区西北部为中心的地面沉降盆地。超量开采深层地下水是造成大规模地面沉降的重要因素。     

唐山地震的非均匀错动模型──水准资料的反演结果

从地震矩张量的理论和点源的垂直位移公式出发，通过离散化地震矩密度，得到了用水准资料反演断层非均匀破裂的有限元模型。利用唐山地震前后的水准资料，采用非负限制的梯度方法反演了唐山地震的非均匀破裂，发现唐山地震的破裂主要是由两部分组成的，其中最大点滑动量为９．９０ｍ。计算得到地震矩为１．５×１０（２２）Ｎ·ｃｍ，说明唐山地震前后一年内的垂直形变是同震变化。     

强震前短水准异常的模糊识别及其特性分析

本文利用模糊模式识别的直接方法处理了1975年海城7.3级地震,1976年唐山7.8级地震和1989年大同6.1级地震前震中及其周围地区的短水准观测资料,取得了较好的效果。该方法具有排除干扰和提取地震异常的功能,且物理意义清楚,计算简便,可以作为观测数据处理的一种常用方法。用模糊识别对唐山和大同地震前短水准异常分析后,发现震中位于高异常从属度区附近,且前兆异常的出现与地震活动异常有良好的相关性,震前还有明显的异常频次峰值。     

Astronomical-topographic levelling using high-precision astrogeodetic vertical deflections and digital terrain model data

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, a technological change took place in geodetic astronomy by the development of Digital Zenith Camera Systems (DZCS). Such instruments provide vertical deflection data at an angular accuracy level of 0.̋1 and better. Recently, DZCS have been employed for the collection of dense sets of astrogeodetic vertical deflection data in several test areas in Germany with high-resolution digital terrain model (DTM) data (10–50 m resolution) available. These considerable advancements motivate a new analysis of the method of astronomical-topographic levelling, which uses DTM data for the interpolation between the astrogeodetic stations. We present and analyse a least-squares collocation technique that uses DTM data for the accurate interpolation of vertical deflection data. The combination of both data sets allows a precise determination of the gravity field along profiles, even in regions with a rugged topography. The accuracy of the method is studied with particular attention on the density of astrogeodetic stations. The error propagation rule of astronomical levelling is empirically derived. It accounts for the signal omission that increases with the station spacing. In a test area located in the German Alps, the method was successfully applied to the determination of a quasigeoid profile of 23 km length. For a station spacing from a few 100 m to about 2 km, the accuracy of the quasigeoid was found to be about 1–2 mm, which corresponds to a relative accuracy of about 0.05−0.1 ppm. Application examples are given, such as the local and regional validation of gravity field models computed from gravimetric data and the economic gravity field determination in geodetically less covered regions.     

基于重力场模型统一亚太高程基准的方法研究

针对不同国家和地区高程基准不一致的问题,该文采用GOCE重力场模型和GPS/水准数据对高程基准统一的方法进行了研究,分析了基于GOCE的不同重力场模型用于计算亚太区域(110°E~180°E,50°S~50°N)高程基准偏差的差异,基于重力场模型GECO,利用亚太区域36个验潮站附近的GPS/水准点数据计算的平均海平面与大地水准面垂直偏差的平均值为0.416m,利用日本沿岸5个GPS/水准点数据计算的高程基准与大地水准面垂直偏差的平均值为0.185m,利用澳大利亚沿岸4个GPS/水准点数据计算的高程基准与大地水准面垂直偏差的平均值为0.41m。     

电水准的参数测定

介绍了低纬子午环的水平差分两部分测定的要求和电水准的实际配置情况，分析了在这种配置中系统参数增多的原因，叙述了测定这些参数的方法，并提出在参数测定后如何保持系统状态的要求。