华北北部麻粒岩相带构造区划及其早前寒武纪构造演化

作者在编绘华北北部高级变质岩区的变质地质图(1:2000,000)的基础上,对麻粒岩相带构造区划提出了新方案,提出相带内部构造单元的边界与变质相界线并不协调崐的新认识。这一巨型麻粒岩相带可以划分为南北两个亚区,它们分别具有不同的岩石组合、崐变质特点及演化历史。北亚区为早元古代陆缘活动带的组成部分,由TTG质杂岩和少量表壳岩系组成,主要经历1期变质;南亚区为太古代克拉通的组成部分,与克拉通内主要构造单元具有密切联系,经历多期变质,由孔兹岩区、剪切构造带、TTG杂岩一表壳岩穹隆等单元组成。整个麻粒岩相带及其邻区记录了中太古代一早元古代初华北克拉通北部小陆块形成、稳定,直至拼合形成较大的克拉通陆块,再发生陆内裂谷及陆缘构造活动,最终发生克拉通化的构造地质演化过程。     

江苏建湖地区全新世孢粉组合及其地质、古地理意义

对江苏建湖地区若干全新世剖面进行了系统的孢粉分析，划分出６个孢粉组合带，恢复了本地区自早全新世以来的古植被演替与古气候古环境变迁，探讨了本区全新世地层时代划分与对比     

新疆塔里木盆地阿瓦提-巴楚地区石炭纪孢粉组合

通过对新疆塔里木盆地阿瓦提—巴楚地区11口探井123块石炭系孢粉样品的鉴定结果系统分析,建立了该区Rugosporaminuta-Verrucosisporitessimilis、Lycosporapusilla-Verrucosisporitesmicrotubercosus和Calamosporaliquida-Schopfipollenitesellipsoids孢粉组合3个,从而为该区石炭纪地层的划分对比提供了依据。该区早石炭世早期孢粉组合中石松植物的孢子占优势(约占总含量的80%),古蕨类植物和芦木植物的孢子含量次之,在个别样品中出现少量疑源类和虫颚化石。早石炭世晚期孢粉组合中三缝孢子占优势,并以鳞木植物的小孢子Lycospora含量很高为特征。晚石炭世孢粉组合中三缝孢子占有绝对的优势,鳞木植物的小孢子Lycospora的含量最高(占总含量的33.4%)。     

河南博爱西金城遗址人和动物骨的碳氮稳定同位素分析

中原地区是中国文明起源和国家形成的核心区域,农业的发展在某种程度促成了中华文明在这一地区的最终形成.农业经济的转变对先民食物结构和动物饲养方式都产生了影响,但目前的研究多为某一时间段的研究,需要长时间段的考量.对西金城遗址(35°06′22″N,113°06′53″E)出土的龙山文化、汉代和唐宋时期的人和动物骨骼开展了碳氮稳定同位素分析,分析结果表明:龙山文化时期西金城先民(δ13C=-9.3±3.1‰,δ15N=8.5±1.3‰,n=3)的食物结构以C4类(粟、黍)为主,其生计方式是以粟等旱作农业为主,并辅以少量的稻作农业生产,兼有稳定的家畜饲养和捕捞业.就动物食物结构而言,龙山文化时期以猪、狗为代表的家畜的食物结构和人类相似,先民主要用粟黍类作物副产品喂养家畜;汉代随着小麦、大豆等C3类农作物的推广普及,家畜的δ13C值降低,更多的小麦等作物被用于喂养家畜.唐宋时期虽然小麦的地位进一步上升,形成了"粟麦并重"的农作物格局,但先民却仍然偏向于用C4植物(粟黍)喂养家畜.     

The Late Devensian glaciation of the eastern Lleyn Peninsula,North Wales: evidence for terrestrial depositional environments

The glacial deposits of the eastern Lleyn Peninsula record the advance, coalescence and subsequent retreat and uncoupling of Welsh and Irish Sea ice-sheets during the Late Devensian cold stage. During advance a thick sheet of basal diamict was deposited over much of the area, and during retreat and uncoupling, which occurred after 14.5 ka, the eastern part of the area was dominated by the formation of a large sandur system draining from the retreating margin of the Irish Sea ice-sheet. Subsequent stages of retreat are marked by a series of arcuate cross-valley moraines formed either by ice-contact deposition during stillstand or by structural deformation during minor snout oscillation. In the western part of the area sedimentation was controlled by a series of dead-ice ridges running parallel to the retreating ice-margin and this led to the development of a complex assemblage of localised depositional environments including ice-front alluvial fans, marginal sandur troughs and pro-glacial lake basins, all formed under supraglacial ice-marginal conditions. No evidence of glaciomarine deposition is recorded. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Geology and inclusion studies on the genesis of the Baolun gold deposit in Hainan Province,South China

The late Triassic Baolun gold deposit hosted by Silurian phyllites is a large‐scale high‐grade gold deposit in Hainan Island, South China. The ores can be classified into quartz‐vein dominated type and less altered rock type. Three mineralization stages were recognized by mineral assemblages. The early stage, as the most important mineralization stage, is characterized by a quartz–native gold assemblage. The muscovite?quartz?pyrite?native gold assemblage is related to the intermedium mineralization stage. In late mineralization stage, native gold and Bi‐bearing minerals are paragenetic minerals. Microthermometry analyses show that the early mineralization stage is characterized by two types of fluid inclusions, including CO₂‐rich inclusions (C‐type) and aqueous inclusions (W‐type). C‐type inclusions homogenize at 276–335°C with an averaged value of 306°C and have salinities of 1.0–10.0 wt% NaCl equivalent (mean value of 4.9 wt% NaCl equivalent). W‐type inclusions homogenize at 252–301°C (mean value of 278°C) with salinity of 4.0–9.7 wt% NaCl equivalent (mean value of 7.4 wt% NaCl equivalent). In intermedium mineralization stage, C‐type and W‐type inclusions homogenize at 228–320°C (mean value of 283°C) and 178–296°C (mean value of 241°C), with salinities of 2.4–9.9 wt% NaCl equivalent (mean value of 6.5 wt% NaCl equivalent) and 3.7–11.7 wt% NaCl equivalent (mean value of 7.7 wt% NaCl equivalent), respectively. No suitable mineral, such as quartz or calcite, was found for fluid inclusion study from late mineralization stage. In contrast, only aqueous inclusions were found from post‐ore barren veins, which yielded lower homogenization temperatures ranging from 168–241°C (mean value of 195°C) and similar salinities (2.6–12.6 wt% NaCl equivalent with averaged value of 7.2 wt% NaCl equivalent). The different homogenization temperatures and similar salinities of C‐type and W‐type from each mineralization stage indicate that fluid immiscibility and boiling occurred. The Baolun gold deposit was precipitated from a CO₂‐bearing mesothermal fluid, and formed at a syn‐collision environment following the closure of the Paleo‐Tethys.     

Influence of a breakwater on nearby rocky intertidal community structure

It is widely recognised that coastal-defence structures generally affect the structure of the assemblages they support, yet their impact on adjacent systems has been largely ignored. Breakwaters modify the nearby physical environment (e.g. wave action) suggesting a local impact on biological parameters. In the present study, an ACI (After-Control-Impact) design was used to test the general hypothesis that the artificial sheltering of an exposed coast has a strong effect on the structure and functioning of adjacent systems. The effects of a reduction in hydrodynamics were clear for a number of taxa and included the replacement of barnacles, limpets and frondose algae by an increasing cover of ephemeral algae. These effects were evident both at early and late successional stages. Results suggest that the artificial sheltering of naturally exposed coasts can have a strong impact promoting a shift from consumer- to producer-dominated communities, which has important ecological and energetic consequences for the ecosystem.     

Fish assemblages in Tanzanian mangrove creek systems influenced by solar salt farm constructions

Deforestation of mangrove forests is common occurrence worldwide. We examined fish assemblage composition in three mangrove creek systems in Tanzania (East Africa), including two creeks where the upper parts were partly clear-cut of mangrove forest due to the construction of solar salt farms, and one creek with undisturbed mangrove forest. Fish were caught monthly for one year using a seine net (each haul covering 170 m²) within three locations in each creek, i.e. at the upper, intermediate and lower reaches. Density, biomass and species number of fish were lower in the upper deforested sites compared to the mangrove-fringed sites at the intermediate and lower parts in the two creeks affected by deforestation, whereas there were no differences among the three sites in the undisturbed mangrove creek system. In addition, multivariate analyses showed that the structure of fish assemblages varied between forested and clear-cut sites within the two disturbed creeks, but not within the undisturbed creek. Across the season, we found no significant differences except for a tendency of a minor increase in fish densities during the rainy season. At least 75% of the fishes were juveniles and of commercial interest for coastal fisheries and/or aquaculture. Mugil cephalus, Gerres oyena and Chanos chanos were the most abundant species in the forested sites. The dominant species in the clear-cut areas were M. cephalus and Elops machnata, which were both found in relatively low abundances compared to the undisturbed areas. The conversion of mangrove forests into solar salt farms not only altered fish assemblage composition, but also water and sediment conditions. In comparison with undisturbed areas, the clear-cut sites showed higher salinity, water temperature as well as organic matter and chlorophyll a in the sediments. Our results suggest that mangrove habitat loss and changes in environmental conditions caused by salt farm developments will decrease fish densities, biomass and species numbers as well as alter the overall fish assemblage composition in the salt farm area but not downstream in the creek.     

Environmental control on early life stages of flatfishes in the Lima Estuary (NW Portugal)

Several flatfishes spawn in oceanic waters and pelagic larvae are transported inshore to settle in the nursery areas, usually estuaries, where they remain during their juvenile life. Nursery areas appear as extremely important habitats, not only for juveniles but also for the earlier planktonic larval fish. Yet, the majority of nursery studies tend to focus only on one development stage, missing an integrative approach of the entire early life that fishes spent within a nursery ground. Thus, the present study assessed the influence of environmental parameters on the dynamics of the larval and juvenile flatfishes, throughout their nursery life in the Lima Estuary. Between April 2002 and April 2004, fortnightly subsurface ichthyoplankton samples were collected and juveniles were collected from October 2003 until September 2005. Larval assemblages comprised nine flatfish species, while only six were observed among the juvenile assemblages. Solea senegalensis and Platichthys flesus were the most abundant species of both fractions of the Lima Estuary flatfishes. Larval flatfish assemblages varied seasonally, without relevant differences between lower and middle estuary. Platichthys flesus dominated the spring samples and summer and autumn periods were characterized by an increase of overall abundance and diversity of larval flatfishes, mainly S. senegalensis, associated with temperature increase and reduced river flow. On the contrary, during the winter abundance sharply decreased, as a consequence of higher river run-off that might compromised the immigration of incompetent marine larvae. Juvenile flatfishes were more abundant in the middle and upper areas of the estuary, but the species richness was higher near the river mouth. Sediment type, distance from the river mouth, salinity, temperature and dissolved oxygen were identified as the main environmental factors structuring the juvenile flatfish assemblages. Juveniles were spatially discrete, with the most abundant species S. senegalensis and P. flesus associated with the middle and upper estuary, while the remaining species were associated with the lower estuarine areas. The larval fraction exhibited distinct dynamics from the juvenile estuarine flatfish community. Larval flatfishes showed a strong seasonal structure mainly regulated by biological features as the spawning season and also by seasonal variations of water characteristics. On the other hand, juvenile flatfishes were markedly controlled by site specific characteristics such as sediments structure, distance from the river mouth and salinity regime. The present study emphasized the idea that the environmental control varies throughout the ontogenetic development, stressing the importance of integrating all the early life of a species in flatfish nursery studies.