西安高陵人工林土壤干层与含水量季节变化研究

通过野外调查和室内测定,利用烘干称重法对高陵地区丰水年前后不同人工林下0~6 m土壤含水量及土壤水分的季节变化进行研究。结果表明,2002年高陵田家村中国梧桐林和杨树林下160~400 cm范围内均已发育了土壤干层。经过2003年丰水年充沛的降水补给,2004年高陵团庄槐树林、杏树林0~6 m土层均未出现土壤干层,说明水分在丰水年得到很好恢复。丰水年后梨、杏、槐三种人工林160~400、410~600 cm层位土壤含水量均显示春季最高,夏季次之,秋季降到最低或略微上升。     

根据渐进谱的统计规律生成地震加速度时程

基于美国西部80条基岩上的近场强震记录, 采用Nakayama方法生成记录的渐进谱, 并参照Kameda方式,用统计方法建立了根据震级、距离等地震参数预测渐进谱的统计模型. 提出一种以渐进谱为目标谱的生成幅值和频率非平稳地震加速度时程的迭代方法. 由于考虑了渐进谱幅值和相位的相互影响,所生成的时程的相位也是时频非平稳的,并在相位调整中识别了相位谱增量符号以加速迭代收敛进程. 最后根据统计回归的目标渐进谱模型和本文提出的拟合目标渐进谱的方法,可生成不同震级、距离条件下的幅值和频率均非平稳的地震加速度时程.      

营养限制对三种浮游动物的影响

Nutrient imbalance—a mismatch in nutrient ratios between the available food supply and the demands of consumers—has the potential to be transported up food chains,exposing zooplankton to nutrient limitations.In this study,the response of Calanus sinicus(copepod),Moina mongolica(cladocera),and Brachionus plicatilis(rotifer) to nutrient-limited(no-limited,P-limited,and N-limited) food were evaluated from the perspective of growth,reproduction,and stoichiometric homoeostasis.The results indicated that the growth of three species was suppressed under nutrient-limited(especially P-limited) conditions.However,the effect of nutrient limitations on their reproduction was species-specific.For C.sinicus,the dietary UFA(unsaturated fatty acid) as a major phospholipid component affected their egg production and total FA supporting energy promoted the hatchability of eggs.Furthermore,excess carbon in the diet promoted egg production but reduced hatching success.For M.mongolica,nutritional(P and UFA) and energy(total FA) support affected their fecundity.B.plicatilis fecundity exhibited the same pattern of growth(no-limitedN-limitedP-limited).In terms of stoichiometric homeostasis,B.plicatilis' s elemental compositions were less likely to be affected by nutrient limitations than M.mongolica.We suggest that the effects of nutrient imbalances could potentially become an evolutionary force affecting ecosystem structure and stability in eutrophic waters.     

山东半岛漂浮铜藻和底栖铜藻气囊及生殖托的形态学比较分析

铜藻(Sargassum horneri)是主要分布于北太平洋西部的暖温带性海藻,是我国海藻场的重要组成物种之一,对于海洋环境、渔业资源具有重要支撑作用。除底栖生活外,铜藻可营漂浮生活。气囊和生殖托是铜藻适应漂浮生活的重要结构,但是二者与漂浮生活相适应的结构特点尚研究有限。本文对漂浮铜藻和底栖铜藻气囊、生殖托的数量以及主要形态学特征进行了统计学分析,结果显示:漂浮铜藻气囊体积显著小于底栖铜藻(P0.01),漂浮铜藻生殖托个数远少于底栖铜藻(P0.01),推测铜藻为了适应漂浮生境,其漂浮能力和有性生殖能力已经发生改变。     

Remote sensing of water depths in shallow waters via artificial neural networks

Determination of the water depths in coastal zones is a common requirement for the majority of coastal engineering and coastal science applications. However, production of high quality bathymetric maps requires expensive field survey, high technology equipment and expert personnel. Remotely sensed images can be conveniently used to reduce the cost and labor needed for bathymetric measurements and to overcome the difficulties in spatial and temporal depth provision. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) methodology is introduced in this study to derive bathymetric maps in shallow waters via remote sensing images and sample depth measurements. This methodology provides fast and practical solution for depth estimation in shallow waters, coupling temporal and spatial capabilities of remote sensing imagery with modeling flexibility of ANN. Its main advantage in practice is that it enables to directly use image reflectance values in depth estimations, without refining depth-caused scatterings from other environmental factors (e.g. bottom material and vegetation). Its function-free structure allows evaluating nonlinear relationships between multi-band images and in-situ depth measurements, therefore leads more reliable depth estimations than classical regressive approaches. The west coast of the Foca, Izmir/Turkey was used as a test bed. Aster first three band images and Quickbird pan-sharpened images were used to derive ANN based bathymetric maps of this study area. In-situ depth measurements were supplied from the General Command of Mapping, Turkey (HGK). Two models were set, one for Aster and one for Quickbird image inputs. Bathymetric maps relying solely on in-situ depth measurements were used to evaluate resultant derived bathymetric maps. The efficiency of the methodology was discussed at the end of the paper. It is concluded that the proposed methodology could decrease spatial and repetitive depth measurement requirements in bathymetric mapping especially for preliminary engineering application.     

马氏珠母贝种苗规模化繁育新技术及工艺

对马氏珠母贝人工育苗换水、投附着基和饵料等关键环节进行了研究。结果表明:(1)不换水组的D形幼虫及壳顶幼虫的存活率,稚贝育成率以及D形幼虫、壳顶幼虫及稚贝壳长日生长率比换水组分别提高了15.3%、259.6%、186.5%、33.3%、34.2%、12.4%,且差异显著;(2)第1、2次投附着板组的稚贝壳长日生长率均比一次性投附着板组快,第3次投附着板组的壳长日生长率比其他所有组均慢,且差异均显著。多次投附着板组的同一批次稚贝均匀度均比一次性投附着板组好,且多次投附着板组比一次性投附着板组的稚贝育成率提高了32.5%,稚贝存活率提高了19.3%,采苗量提高了35%;(3)投喂虾塘水组稚贝存活率、育成率及壳长日生长率比投喂50%自溶酵母+50%小球藻组分别提高了28.1%、47.2%、35.9%,而投喂这两种不同饵料的稚贝阴干后的存活率差异不显著。研究表明,通过封闭不换水育苗、多次投附着板及投喂虾塘水中的生态饵料的方法可以高效地培育出健康的马氏珠母贝种苗。     

鞍带石斑鱼工厂化育苗研究

作者设计了一种新的鞍带石斑鱼(Epinephelus lanceolatus)工厂化人工育苗方法。测定了鞍带石斑鱼人工育苗过程中水环境因子和育苗水体浮游生物的种类、数量变化。育苗期间水温28.0～30.7℃;盐度为27.0～32.0;pH值为7.39～7.90;溶氧量6mg/L以上;中午池面平均光照3315.9lx;记录了1d的光照、水温、溶解氧和pH的变化;育苗池前18d只加水不换水,氨氮不断上升,最低值0.24mg/L,最高值2.53mg/L,育苗后期采取换水措施,氨氮迅速下降;育苗期间,水体除正常投喂的轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)和桡足类外,池中出现浮游植物12种、浮游动物5种,浮游植物平均生物量6.92×106个/L,原生动物平均生物量0.74×106个/L。经过34d的培养,得到平均全长2.45cm鱼种,单位水体育苗密度300尾/m3,育苗成活率为2.73%。结果表明,用有效微生物群(effective microorganisms,简称EM)+高级虾片调节水质的模式,可以保持育苗水质稳定,成功培育出鞍带石斑鱼幼鱼。     

基于注意力机制与自适应时序分解的气温预报模型

针对传统方法在捕捉气象序列长期依赖关系及泛化性能上的不足,提出了一种基于稀疏注意力与自适应时序分解的气温预报模型（ATFSAS）。该模型整体采用编码器 解码器架构,结合稀疏注意力机制以有效捕捉气象观测数据间的长期依赖性。为减少编码过程中造成的冗余,提出了一种信息蒸馏方法。通过结合多层解码器与自适应时序分解单元,逐步细化预报信号中的周期性和趋势性分量,实现了较为精准的气温预报。基于德国耶拿气象数据集,进行24 h精细化气温预报,其平均绝对误差为1.7108℃。基于中国地面气候资料日值数据集,进行中短期日平均气温预报和多地区单日平均气温预报,相比传统模型LSTM,ATFSAS模型预报结果的平均绝对误差分别提升了35.56%和23.66%。     

利用光学遥感数据、GIS及人工神经网络模型分析区域滑坡灾害

用光学遥感数据和地理信息系统(GIS)分析了马来西亚Selangor地区的滑坡灾害。通过遥感图像解译和野外调查,在研究区内确定出滑坡发生区。通过GIS和图像处理,建立了一个集地形、地质和遥感图像等多种信息的空间数据库。滑坡发生的因素主要为:地形坡度、地形方位、地形曲率及与排水设备距离;岩性及与线性构造距离;TM图像解译得到的植被覆盖情况;Landsat图像解译得到的植被指数;降水量。通过建立人工神经网络模型对这些因素进行分析后得到滑坡灾害图:由反向传播训练方法确定每个因素的权重值,然后用该权重值计算出滑坡灾害指数,最后用GIS工具生成滑坡灾害图。用遥感解译和野外观测确定出的滑坡位置资料验证了滑坡灾害图,准确率为82.92%。结果表明推测的滑坡灾害图与滑坡实际发生区域足够吻合。     

隧道地震响应数值模拟研究

在进行隧道地震响应的数值模拟研究时, 横向计算范围和人工边界等对计算结果有很大的影响。本文以黄草坪隧道为研究对象, 应用有限差分程序FLAC3D对其进行地震响应的数值模拟研究, 将横向计算范围分别取为隧道洞径的5倍、6倍、7倍、8倍、9倍和10倍, 并分别采用FLAC3D中的截断边界、自由场地边界和粘性边界进行计算。研究结果表明, 当地震波为P波时, 横向计算范围取为洞径的7至8倍, 人工边界采用自由场地边界或粘性边界是比较合理的。