Groundwater recharge in an arid grassland as indicated by soil chloride profile and multiple tracers

Previous studies have shown that shallow groundwater in arid regions is often not in equilibrium with near‐surface boundary conditions due to human activities and climate change. This is especially the case where the unsaturated zone is thick and recharge rate is limited. Under this nonequilibrium condition, the unsaturated zone solute profile plays an important role in estimating recent diffuse recharge in arid environments. This paper combines evaluation of the thick unsaturated zone with the saturated zone to investigate the groundwater recharge of a grassland in the arid western Ordos Basin, NW China, using the soil chloride profiles and multiple tracers (²H, ¹⁸O, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, and water chemistry) of groundwater. Whereas conventional water balance and Darcy flux measurements usually involve large errors in recharge estimations for arid areas, chloride mass balance has been widely and generally successfully used. The results show that the present diffuse recharge beneath the grassland is 0.11–0.32 mm/year, based on the chloride mass balance of seven soil profiles. The chloride accumulation age is approximately 2,500 years at a depth of 13 m in the unsaturated zone. The average Cl content in soil moisture in the upper 13 m of the unsaturated zone ranges from 2,842 to 7,856 mg/L, whereas the shallow groundwater Cl content ranges from 95 to 351 mg/L. The corrected ¹⁴C age of shallow groundwater ranges from 4,327 to 29,708 years. Stable isotopes show that the shallow groundwater is unrelated to modern precipitation. The shallow groundwater was recharged during the cold and wet phases of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene humid phase based on palaeoclimate, and consequently, the groundwater resources are nonrenewable. Due to the limited recharge rate and thick unsaturated zone, the present shallow groundwater has not been in hydraulic equilibrium with near‐surface boundary conditions in the past 2,500 years.     

The application of remote sensing data to diagnose soil degradation in the Dakhla depression – Western Desert,Egypt

Dakhla depression in Egypt’s Western Desert is experiencing two soil degradation processes, notably: soil salinization and sand encroachment. The present study aimed to diagnose the severity of these processes using remote sensing. Soil salinity was determined by spectral regression analysis between tasselled cap spectral transform extracted from a Landsat-8 image acquired in September 2013 along with synchronized soil salinity measurements. Assessment of sand advance rate was conducted by temporal change detection of brilliant crescentic sand dune visualized by Google Earth in old (2002) and recent (2013) images. Results showed that salinized soils (dS/m4<) represent 91% of bare lands and salinization is attributed to aridity, topography and poor drainage. Barchan dunes north and south of Abu Tartur escarpment moved at rates of 5.9 and 3.6 m/year, respectively. The escarpment protected the majority of the depression from massive dune invasion. However, sand encroachment is clearly observed west of the depression.     

Review on Montane Forest Eco-hydrology in Arid Area

Since the forest eco-hydrology of arid area shows a well sensitivity of the global climate change, the relationship between forest and water and the hydrological function has attracted the attention of academic communites and management departments. This paper expounds the research progress in arid mountain forest eco-hydrology, and analyses the formation and stable mechanism of forest patch pattern, the relationship between forest and water yield and the response of forest eco-hydrology to climate change from three aspects: Forest spatial pattern, hydrological process and its response to climate change. In addition, combined with the current research progress, the research emphases in the future are put forward: Strengthening the research on the coupling of vegetation pattern and hydrological process; solving the scale problem by using remote sensing technique and model; enhancing the understanding towards the hydrological function of forest; determining the suitable forest scale which can balance the relationship of ecology and hydrological effect.     

干旱地区水循环过程中的地下水化学特征研究——以蒙古国前巴音钼矿水源地为例

地下水的水化学类型在径流过程中会不断变化,并在径流与赋存的不同状态下体现出不同特征,体现出不同的地下水运移规律。本文以蒙古国前巴音钼矿水源地为例,选取水源地范围内的19个钻孔水样进行分析,取得了主要阴阳离子、TDS和水化学类型等数据。通过对地下水化学的空间分布特征、TDS值的变化和主要阴阳离子的演化规律进行研究发现:研究区水源地地下水补给来源为大气降水,沟谷东部地区的水循环强度高于西南部地区,外围地区最弱,地下水的水平径流较弱小于垂向;受水循环强度影响沟谷东部形成地矿化度的HCO_3型水,西南部形成HCO_3·Cl·SO_4、HCO_3·SO_4·Cl、HCO_3·SO_4型水,沟谷外围地区形成SO_4·HCO_3·Cl、Cl·SO_4·HCO_3、SO_4·HCO_3、Cl·SO_4型水,干旱地区水循环强度和补径排条件的差异会形成不同的水化学类。     

基于FSDAF模型的干旱区典型绿洲城市夏季地表热岛效应时空演变研究

全球城市化进程加快引起的干旱区绿洲城市热岛效应变化及其生态环境问题已成为当前国内外城市气候、环境和生态等领域的研究热点之一.基于遥感热红外通道反演的地表温度(Land surface temperature,LST)是开展城市地表热岛(Surface urban heat island,SUHI)效应监测研究的关键参数...     

干旱半干旱区水资源承载力评价及空间规划指引——以宁夏西海固地区为例

以宁夏西海固地区为例,在区域尺度水资源超载状态分析基础上,构建了栅格尺度水资源承载力评价指标体系和计算方法,阐释了水资源承载力空间格局、特征及其与人口经济要素的空间关系,并提出空间规划与发展路径指引。干旱半干旱区栅格尺度的水资源承载力评估指标体系包括5项一级指标和12项二级指标,案例实证研究与校验表明：指标体系与评估模型具有可操作性,可为空间规划与管制提供更有效的决策支撑;西海固地区栅格尺度的水资源承载力划分为强、较强、中等、较弱以及弱5个等级,强和较强等级区主要位于清水河河谷平原,是黄河扬水灌区与地下水资源富集区的叠加区域,较弱和弱等级区集中分布于黄土丘陵区、六盘山及其余脉山地区。在水资源承载力空间差异分析的基础上,因地制宜地制定空间开发指引,建立“节流为主、开源为辅”的水资源保障体系,有助于构建与区域水资源条件相适应的人口产业布局模式。     

广西农业干旱动态评估模型

以自然条件下大气-作物-土壤系统的水量平衡方程为基础,结合广西干旱灾害特点,建立广西农业干旱评估模型。与广西历史农业旱情实况对比分析表明,该模型能够较客观、定量地对农业干旱的发生、发展过程进行逐日动态监测和灾中、灾后评估。     

干旱生态系统净初级生产力估算及变化探测

针对中国西部干旱区特有的气候-植被特征,利用卫星遥感混合像元分解技术对干旱区植被进行了光合作用植被和非光合作用植被区分和组分解析,尝试通过对干旱覆被植被灌层结构进行解析而解决因植被区系差异和环境背景干扰的问题,并参考国际上遥感-生态模型GLO-PEM和CASA,借助遥感生态反演的物理分析,初步构建起基于遥感与生态过程的干旱区适用的光能利用率模型NPP-PEM,并以中国西部干旱区喀什地区叶尔羌-喀什噶尔河流域山地-绿洲-荒漠生态系统为案例,利用AVHRR/NOAA气象卫星遥感数据和气候资料估算了1992年和1998年中国西部喀什地区叶尔羌-喀什噶尔河流域山地-绿洲-荒漠生态系统1 km分辨率年净第一性生产力,并进行了变化探测分析。模拟检验结果精度较好,生态系统碳吸收的空间异质性特征明显。结果表明,考虑了干旱植被生理特征和灌层结构的光能利用模型,模拟结果较为合理,也为引入其他生态模型应用到干旱区生态系统研究提供了借鉴,从而为干旱区陆地生态系统碳循环研究开辟了途径。     

Some phenomena of the interaction between vegetation and a atmosphere on multiple scales

This article studies the response of the distribution pattern and the physiological characteristics of the ecosystem to the spontaneous precipitation and the interaction between vegetation and the atmosphere on multiple scales in arid and semi-arid zones, based on measured data of the ecological physiological parameters in the Ordas Plateau of northern China. The results show that the vegetation biomass and the energy use efficiency of photosynthesis are especially sensitive to the annual precipitation; strong and complex interactions exist between the vegetation and the atmosphere on multiple scales leading to supernormal thermal heterogeneity of the underlying surface, the strong vortex movement and turbulence. This study can facilitate understanding of the land surface processes and the influences of global climate change as well as human activities on the human environment in the arid and semi-arid zones. It also aids in improving the parameterization schemes of turbulent fluxes of a heterogeneous underlying surface for land surface processes in climate models.     

基于支付意愿的干旱区绿洲城市居住区绿地愉悦价值研究

干旱区绿洲城市普遍存在居住区绿地率低、居住环境质量不高的问题,量化居民对居住区绿地的支付意愿及城市居住区绿地的愉悦价值,有利于正确评价城市绿地的价值,科学规划城市空间。基于问卷调查,利用支付卡式条件价值法和Tobit模型测算乌鲁木齐市居民对改善居住区绿地建设与服务的支付意愿,借助计量模型的假设检验对其影响因素进行定量分析,并基于支付意愿得到城市居住区绿地的愉悦价值。结果表明：（1） 乌鲁木齐市居民人均支付意愿为148.75 元·a^–1,远高于东部地区,不同属性居住区的支付意愿为商业小区>单位大院>自建房。（2） 受访者性别、收入、家庭结构、需求偏好、认知与意识等特征对其支付意愿有显著影响,且非虚拟变量对决策的影响程度可借助经济学中的“边际理论”度量。（3） 乌鲁木齐市居住区绿地愉悦价值为3.31×10⁸ 元·a^–1,利用居民对绿地生态功能和社会功能的认知赋分,发现其生态服务价值略大于社会服务价值。研究可为建立不同尺度绿地支付机制,提升绿洲城市居住区人居环境质量,优化城市空间布局及维护绿洲城市生态平衡提供科学参考。