The Distribution and Redox Chemistry of Iron in the Pettaquamscutt Estuary

A series of high resolution (10 cm) vertical profiles of iron were determined across the oxic/anoxic boundary in the Lower Pond of the Pettaquamscutt Estuary. Selective chemical treatments and multiple analytical methods were used to detemine the oxidation state and lability of iron across the oxic/anoxic boundary. The vertical distributions of dissolved and total iron were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy, and dissolved Fe(II) and reducible iron were determined using a modified Ferrozine spectrophotometric method. Well-developed maxima of total dissolved iron ≈7·5 μM occurred within the oxic/anoxic transition zone. Analysis of Fe(II) by the FZ method indicates that more than 95% of the dissolved iron determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy within the maximum is in the form of Fe(II). The concentration of dissolved Fe(II) ranged from <4 nM in oxygenated surface waters to between 7 and 8 μM at the total dissolved iron maximum.Both dissolved and total iron samples were treated with ascorbic acid to quantify the fraction of iron that was reducible in this system. Dissolved iron is quantitatively reduced to Fe(II) by 3·5 m depth, and particulate iron was almost completely dissolved by 6 m. Thermodynamic speciation calculations indicate that the dominant species of Fe(II) in the anoxic waters is the Fe(HS)⁺complex. In addition, the concentration of Fe(II) in the anoxic zone appears to be controlled by precipitation of a sulfide phase, the ion activity product for waters below 7 m is in good agreement with the solubility product of mackinawite.The vertical distribution of oxidation states of the metals indicates non-equilibrium conditions due to microbiological and chemical processes occurring in the redox transition zone. A one-dimensional vertical, eddy diffusion model is presented that incorporates redox reactions of iron, sulfide and oxygen. The modeling suggests the maximum in Fe(II) can be achieved through inorganic oxidation and reduction reactions, however the depth at which the maximum occurs is sensitive to sulfide oxidation, which appears to be dominated by biological oxidation. The magnitude of the Fe(II) maximum depends on the flux of iron into the basin, and reductive dissolution of particulate iron.     

Simulation of sulfate-dependent sulfate reduction using Monod kinetics

A simple computer code is presented for simulating the dependence of sulfate reduction on sulfate concentration using Monod kinetics. Unlike previous models, the code provides a numerical initial value problem solution, rather than a two-point boundary value solution, for the Monod model using a search procedure to find the correct starting value for the derivative of sulfate concentration with respect to depth. Accordingly the code is not restricted to cases where sulfate vanishes at finite depth but also can be used to model situations where organic matter is exhausted before total depletion of sulfate can occur. In such situations, the code demonstrates that profiles generated using Monod kinetics differ significantly from those generated using the simple sulfate-independent model proposed by Berner (1964), even when the asymptotic concentration of sulfate at depth remains well above the Monod saturation constant.     

Lower Cretaceous black shales of the Western Carpathians,Czech Republic: Palynofacies indication of depositional environment and source potential for hydrocarbons

Uppermost Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous strata of the Silesian Nappe of the Outer Western Carpathians contain large amounts of shale, which can, under favourable conditions, become source rocks for hydrocarbons. This study analysed 45 samples from the area of Czech Republic by the means of palynofacies analysis, thermal alteration index (TAI) of palynomorphs and total organic carbon (TOC) content to determine the kerogen type, hydrocarbon source rock potential, and to interpret the depositional environment. Uppermost Jurassic Vendryně Formation and Lower Cretaceous Formations (Těšín Limestone, Hradiště and Lhoty) reveal variable amount of mostly gas prone type III kerogen. Aptian Veřovice Formation has higher organic matter content (over 3 wt.%) and oil-prone type II kerogen. Organic matter is mature to overmature and hydrocarbon potential predisposes it as a source of gas. Aptian black claystones of the Veřovice Fm. are correlatable with oceanic anoxic event 1 (OAE1).     

Performance of wuxi WWTP in china

In Wuxi Wastewater Treatment Plant, the Anaerobic, anoxic and oxic (A2/O) process was employed to remove the nitrogen and phosphorus, which exhibited the positive results of the high removal efficiency for phosphorus with a range of 67.7% to 89.9% and an average value of 78.0. The effluent of phosphorus met the national discharge standard. The removal of TN was effected by both BOD variation of influent and wastewater temperature. TN removal was in the range of 28.5% to 55.8% with an average value of 39.4%. The energy cost was 0.15 kWh(m3d)-1 or 1.35 kWh(kgBOD·d)-1. The annual average sludge production was 46.3 m3d-1, the annual average dosage for the dewatering was 40 kgd-1.     

Characterization of organic matter deposited in the oriental zone from Moknine hypersaline environment, oriental Tunisia

The geochemistry data show that the total organic carbon （TOC） contents are high in the surface sediments in the eastern part of the Moknine＇ s Sebkha. Low decreasing of organic matter （ OM ） with increasing depth indicates the good preservation of OM in modern sediments. ＂Lignite levels＂ inserted in the sand sequence and deposited at the edge and in the intermediate zone are considered as lithologic and organic markers. It is characterized by high TOC and poor hydrogen index （HI） , indicating a higher plant origin and good preservation of OM in thin beds under anoxic condition. In all samples low values of HI are typical for strong terrigenous input in the Sebkha. Gas chromatography （GC） of saturate fraction showed that OM in the border zone is provided from plants but in the central zone OM is a mixture of terrestrial fraction and little fraction from microalgae. The study of free lipids indicated that this environment was influenced by intense bacterial and microbial activities, as evidenced by the abundance of n-alkanes and nC18-nC22.     

A Seasonally Anoxic Mountain Lake with an Active Fe Cycle in Tropical Taiwan

Variations of temperature and oxygen indicate that the 2150 m high Great Ghost Lake in tropical Taiwan is seasonally stratified and anoxic. Low concentrations of ions and nutrients and the similarity in the distribution of the reduced species in the water column in the early stages of stagnation indicate that the production of the reduced species occurs mainly in the sediments with a subsequent release into the overlying water. In addition, the high organic matter content in the sediments and the short period of water overturn make Fe(II) the most abundant reduced species in the sediments and in the water column. As a result, the annual Fe cycle plays one of the most important roles in regulating the water chemistry and in driving the reduced species from the sediments to the anoxic hypolimnion. The distribution of reduced species during the stagnation is in agreement with the thermodynamic sequence. The accumulation rates of Fe2+, Mn2+, NH4+, sulfide and CH4 in the water column during the early stages of stagnation are about 5.07, 0.059, 1.69, 0.015 and 1.65 mmol m-2 day-1, respectively.     

西藏南部中白垩世黑色页岩的碳氧同位素组成及大洋缺氧事件的讨论

本文对西藏南部中白垩世黑色页岩中的氧同位素组成特征和两次大洋缺氧事件的形成、发展过程作了较为详细的分析讨论。西藏南部中白垩世期内,在仲玛期及其稍后的沉积时期存在两次大洋缺氧事件,定两次缺氧事件在时间上可与国际上的Ｃｅｎ－Ｔｕｒ和Ｃｏｎ－Ｓａｎｔ时期的全球大洋缺氧事件相对应;该区这两闪大洋缺氧事件的形成、发展,是与当时全球特定的的生态环境和全球性的地壳构造运动、大规模的海侵、火山喷发等重大地质灾变事     

湖北巴东栖霞组缺氧沉积环境的地球化学特征

地层的岩石地球化学特征是判断其形成环境氧化还原条件的重要手段之一。对湖北巴东水布垭剖面栖霞组中层纹状灰岩和含泥质灰岩的地球化学分析,结合鄂湘桂地区栖霞期区域沉积古地理背景及栖霞组沉积学、古生态学特征,表明该区栖霞组沉积于一贫氧的沉积背景。同时该研究表明大部分适用于判别泥质岩古氧相的痕量元素和稀土元素地球化学比值,如Ｕ／Ｔｈ、Ｎｉ／Ｃｏ、Ｖ／（Ｖ＋Ｎｉ）和Ｃｅ／Ｌａ也可适用于该组以钙质沉积为主的沉积物。但部分指示,如Ｖ／Ｃｒ在碳酸盐岩中的应用值得今后研究注意。     

华北地块中-上元古界上升流沉积相及其与油气的关系

华北地块上的中－上元古界是我国最古老的沉积岩系，分3系、12个组，通过岩性、沉积相和古生物等分析，发现其中有丰富的上升流沉积相，并可分为3个亚相：富镁碳酸盐岩夹燧石薄层亚相、黑色页岩亚相和叠层石亚相等。上升流引发缺氧事件，形成中－上元古界中重要的烃源岩。研究表明，上升流沉积相与地层中有机质含量呈正相关关系，因而根据地层中上升流沉积相的发育程度，可对本区中－上元古界中的油气作出评价，上升流的发现开拓了本区油气资源研究的新方向。