Early Aptian productivity increase as recorded in the Fourcade level of the Ionian zone of GreecePaléoproductivité élevée enregistrée dans le niveau Fourcade de l'Aptien inférieur en zone ionienne (Grèce)

The Mid-Cretaceous ‘upper siliceous zone’ of the Vigla Limestone is studied in detail along the Paliambela section of northwestern Greece. Within it two radiolarite horizons can be identified, the lower being rich in organic matter and named herein as the ‘Fourcade level’. The preserved organic matter is of planktic/bacterial origin and of low thermal maturity. The nannoflora contained within the lower marly argillites consists of a poorly preserved and oligospecific assemblage characterised by the total absence of Nannoconids. Radiolarian assemblages yielded from the Fourcade level are dominated by the family Archaeodictyomitridae. Integrated calcareous nannofossil and radiolarian biostratigraphic results suggest an Early Aptian age for the Fourcade level, which can be thus considered as the local expression of the globally recognised Early Aptian Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE 1a). To cite this article: T. Danelian et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 1087–1093.     

中扬子地区晚震旦世-早寒武世转折期台-盆演化及烃源岩形成机理

在中国南方中扬子地区早寒武世早期,沉积了一套黑色碳质页岩、碳硅质页岩、黑色粉砂质页岩,分布范围广,厚度大,有机碳含量高,属于腐泥型为主的有机质类型,为中国南方海相区域主力烃源岩之一.为了认清该套烃源岩的形成环境,通过对岩石学特征、沉积相的变化、台-盆转化的研究并结合一些地球化学指标分析了该地区在转折期古环境发生的变化,初步探讨了下寒武统这套主力优质烃源岩的形成背景,提出了一个热水活动-上升洋流-缺氧事件复合模式,即为在地壳拉张背景下,热液活动与上升洋流共同作用造成生物产率提高,水体缺氧,使得有机质大量埋藏并得以保存,构成了在中扬子克拉通上和东南边缘重要的下寒武统优质烃源岩.     

Radiolarians of the upper Cenomanian and lower Turonian from deposits of the Ananuri Formation, the western Caucasus (Lazarevskoe area)

Diverse radiolarians (over 70 species) are detected in cherty rocks above the bituminous shale horizon, the marker of anoxic event OAE-2 recorded across the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary in the upper part of the Ananuri Formation of flyschoid deposits, the Lazarevskoe area of the western Caucasus. The radiolarian assemblages studied are comparable in composition with radiolarians from concurrent Cenomanian-Turonian boundary strata in other Mediterranean regions (e.g., in the Crimea and Turkey). The lower radiolarian assemblage includes index species Dactyliosphaera silviae of synonymous Cenomanian zone. Alievium superbum present in the upper assemblage is index species of the relevant Turonian zone. Within the studied flyschoid sequence, sediments indicative of the above event (bituminous shales and cherts) are confined to upper elements of flysch rhythms.     

山西新太古界柏芝岩组条带状铁建造中的菱铁矿:成因机制与古环境意义*

菱铁矿是前寒武纪条带状铁建造(BIF)中重要的矿物组分和古海洋信息载体,但它可能具有原生、早期成岩和晚期成岩多种成因,这在一定程度上限制了其在古海洋条件分析中的应用。虽然前人对菱铁矿开展了广泛的地球化学分析,但在岩相学研究方面相对薄弱。为进一步揭示BIF中菱铁矿的成因机制,以山西代县羊角沟矿区新太古界柏芝岩组的BIF为研究对象,开展了系统的岩相学工作。研究表明,该BIF主要由厘米级交互的富铁与富硅条带构成,其中普遍缺少水体扰动沉积构造,偶见交错层理和风暴碎屑,表明主要沉积于风暴浪基面之下。菱铁矿的主要产出形式有3种: (1)亚毫米级条带,其内“悬浮”有风暴成因碎屑颗粒,具有水柱或沉积物/水界面的原生成因特征;(2)在富铁条带中的晶体间隙充填,可能为早期成岩成因;(3)富硅条带中存在绿泥石层间脉状充填或截切石英和铁白云石的脉体,具有晚期成岩成因。原生菱铁矿的产出,表明新太古代在风暴浪基面之下的海水强烈缺氧、富铁并具有低硫酸盐浓度的特征。尽管原生菱铁矿条带的产出表明菱铁矿具有反映海洋化学条件的潜力,但多种成因菱铁矿的同时产出,也要求在应用菱铁矿分析古海洋条件时应当分组构进行。     

不同碳源对缺氧生物滤池生物脱氮的试验研究

针对生活污水的特点,采用曝气生物滤池技术对不同碳源（甲醇、乙酸钠和葡萄糖）条件下的生物脱氮效果进行了试验研究。结果表明,在C/N为3∶1～4∶1、滤速为1.0 m/h时,不同碳源对缺氧生物滤池的生物脱氮效果影响很大,其中以甲醇和乙酸钠作为外碳源时,脱氮效果较好,而以葡萄糖为碳源时的脱氮效果明显逊于二者。     

Aptian bio-events—an integrated biostratigraphic analysis of the Almadich Formation, Inner Prebetic Domain, SE Spain

The Upper Barremian to Aptian Almadich Formation (Inner Prebetic Domain of the Betic Cordillera) is composed of hemipelagic sediments deposited on a distal carbonate ramp in the southern Iberian Palaeomargin. Within this facies we have found a thick interval of blue to black shales and marls that is interpreted as deposited under oxygen-depleted conditions. We think that this interval, dated as early Aptian, represents the local record of Ocean Anoxic Event 1a. The integrated biostratigraphic analysis of a section in the Almadich Formation, by means of planktonic foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils and ammonites, enables us to recognize most of the biostratigraphic units based on these three fossil groups and to correlate between them. The Sartousiana, Sarasini, Weissi, Deshayesi and Furcata (ammonite) Zones were identified for the Upper Barremian–Lower Aptian interval. By means of calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy the Micrantholithus hoschulzii, Hayesites irregularis and Rhagodiscus angustus Zones, plus several additional biohorizons, were identified. A quantitative study performed on a set of 27 Lower Aptian samples has enabled the precise identification of the ‘nannoconid crisis’, the lower limit of which clearly precedes the main anoxic event, and its correlation with other bioevents. Planktonic foraminifera occur consistently throughout the Lower to Upper Aptian of the Cau section and are moderately well preserved. This fact allows us to use the most recent taxonomic framework, based on wall texture, to identify the Blowiella blowi, Schackoina cabri, Globigerinelloides ferreolensis, Globigerinelloides algerianus, Hedbergella trocoidea andTicinella bejaouaensis Zones. Coincident with the anoxic episode, the planktonic foraminiferal assemblages are composed of a significant number of forms with elongated chambers and/or tubulospines assigned to the genera Claviblowiella,Lilliputianella , Leupoldina and Schackoina. Most of the planktonic foraminiferal and nannofossil taxa are illustrated.     

下扬子中二叠统上升流相与烃源岩的关系研究

下扬子区面积177020km^2,包括江苏、浙江、安徽、江西和上海绝大部分地区,这一区域的构造属性为被动大陆边缘,通过对该区古生界中二叠统的几十条剖面的实测、分析和对比,得出该区古生界中二叠统地层中的黑色碳质页岩、硅质页岩、硅质岩、硅质条带和结核以及磷矿层和磷结核等沉积是古特提斯海中上升流作用形成的。上升流水体中富营养盐和SiO2在古生代低纬度的下扬子地块生物大量繁殖,引发缺氧事件,形成上述硅质和磷质沉积以及有机质丰富的烃源岩、石煤和磷矿层等,由于上升流水体富营养盐和SiO2,生物化石属种丰富,个体大,多营底栖或固着浅海底生活,硅质生物放射虫等丰富。区内烃源岩有机质与上升流的强度呈正相关关系,可见它们之间存在着成因联系。     

细菌藿多醇的环境指示作用及其在海洋生态环境重建中的应用

细菌藿多醇（Bacteriohopanepolyols,BHPs）是细菌细胞膜中高度结构变异的五环三萜类化合物,易保存且受成岩作用影响较小,广泛分布于陆地和海洋环境中。BHPs作为一种新型微生物标志物,由于其细菌来源专属性和环境专属性,近年来已在示踪有机质来源、环境演变过程以及反演古环境方面表现出巨大的应用潜力。本文系统分析了近年来全球土壤、沉积物和海水中BHPs的组成、分布和来源,发现热带和温带区域中BHPs的多样性和含量通常高于寒带区域,且由土壤、河流、近海到外海海域逐渐降低。探讨了土壤标志物BHPs、细菌霍四醇同分异构体（BHT- Ⅱ）和35- 氨基霍多醇在有机质来源、缺氧环境、厌氧氨氧化和甲烷氧化活动方面的环境指示作用及在海洋生态环境重建中的应用,以期为示踪海洋生态环境变化提供新指标和新途径。     

大火成岩省与大规模黑色页岩沉积的成因联系及其意义

大火成岩省对全球性大气-海洋环境的巨变及生物灭绝有非常重要的影响。已有研究结果表明,显生宙（即寒武纪以来）大火成岩省与全球大洋缺氧与生物灭绝有明显的成因联系,显生宙国际地质年代表中多个金钉子均与以大火成岩省、黑色页岩及生物灭绝为代表的全球性地质事件相对应。但由于对前寒武纪,特别是"地球中年期"（18~8亿年,"枯燥的10亿年"）大气氧浓度、海洋的氧化-还原状态及生物门类及演化认识的局限性,关于前寒武纪大火成岩省与环境的影响及其与黑色页岩沉积的成因联系一直很不清楚。通过对全球哥伦比亚（奴那）超大陆中约13.8亿年全球性大火成岩省及黑色页岩沉积时空分布的研究,发现这些大火成岩省及黑色页岩的分布有明显的规律。约13.8亿年大火成岩省广泛分布在北美、格陵兰、西伯利亚、波罗地、卡拉哈里、刚果、西非、亚马逊、南极及西澳大利亚等大陆上;而同期的黑色页岩在华北及北澳大利亚克拉通广泛分布,在西伯利亚、巴西及印度等克拉通也有分布。根据这些黑色页岩在超大陆重建图中的空间分布,提出了哥伦比亚（奴那）超大陆中这些广泛分布的约13.8亿年黑色页岩可能沉积于连通的大型海相盆地,而不是以往所认为的局部封闭的小盆地。通过约13.8亿年大火成岩省与黑色页岩内火山灰（斑脱岩）年龄的对比,进一步提出约13.8亿年存在一次与全球性大火成岩省有关的大洋缺氧事件,以此期大火成岩省与黑色页岩为代表的全球性地质事件为中元古代盖层系与延展系提供了精确的界限年龄为1383 Ma。初步的研究结果还显示,"地球中年期"可能还有多期的大火成岩省与黑色页岩沉积有时空联系,有望为晚前寒武纪地质年代表划分提供新的事件约束。      

东胜砂岩型铀矿氧化酸性流体与还原碱性热液流体过渡界面蚀变带成矿作用研究

位于鄂尔多斯盆地北部地区的东胜砂岩型铀矿在平面上和垂向上具有明显的岩石学和地球化学分带性,矿物学和岩相学特征研究表明其分带性是不同性质流体蚀变作用造成的。根据氧化/还原过渡界面蚀变矿物特征及其相互交代关系,识别出早、晚两个世代蚀变矿物组合,分别反映出早期蚀变流体为氧化环境下的酸性流体,晚期蚀变流体为还原环境下的碱性热液流体。早期氧化环境的酸性流体蚀变作用基础上叠加了晚期还原环境下的碱性热液流体蚀变作用,导致了铀在氧化/还原过渡界面的富集成矿。分析认为,东胜铀矿热液蚀变与鄂尔多斯盆地乃至华北地区燕山期构造活动和岩浆活动产生的区域性热异常事件具有一定联系。