Formation cause of thermal infrared high temperature belt along Honghe fault and its relation to earthquakes

Introduction The relation between satellite thermal infrared anomaly and earthquakes or fault activities has been studied for more than ten years. Many researchers contribute themselves to the research field and made some progress (Gorny et al, 1988; Andrew et al, 2002; WANG and QIANG, 1995; ZHENG et al, 1996; QIANG and DIAN, 1998). In recent years, with the rapid development of satellite remote sensing technique and its wide application to the field of seismology, more and more rese…     

Temporal and spatial variations of δ18O in precipitation of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin

This paper reveals the temporal and spatial variations of stable isotope in precipita-tion of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin based on the variations of δ18O in precipitation at four stations (Lhaze, Nugesha, Yangcun and Nuxia) in 2005. The results show that δ18O of pre-cipitation has distinct seasonal changes in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin. The higher value of δ18O occurs in spring prior to monsoon precipitation, and the lower value occurs during monsoon precipitation. From the spatial variations, with the altitude-effect and rainout process during moisture transport along the Yarlung Zangbo River Valley, 18O of precipitation is gradually depleted. Thus, δ18O of precipitation decreases gradually from the downstream to the upstream, and the lapse rate of δ18O in precipitation is approximately 0.34‰/100m and 0.7‰/100km for the two reasons. During monsoon precipitation, spatial variation of δ18O in precipitation is dominated by the amount effect in the large scale synoptic condition.     

Scale effect on sediment yield from sloping surfaces to basins in hilly loess region on the Loess Plateau in China

Based on data from two runoff plots and ten stations in hilly loess region Dalihe drainage basin ranging in area from 0.0006 to 3983 km² on the Loess Plateau, the relationship between mean annual specific sediment yield (Y _s) and drainage area (A) is studied, which is different from those for many other drainage areas of the world, neither at the scale of whole basin nor at local scale on the Loess Plateau. With increasing drainage area, the mean annual specific sediment yield experiences two peak values: the first peak value appears at 0.00408 km² in area corresponding to the whole slope surface, and the second peak value appears at 96.1 km² in area. The non-linear variation in the Y _s–A can be explained as follows: the first peak value can be explained by the abrupt increase in slope gradient and flow shear stress resulting in highly increased sediment concentration and specific sediment yield. And the second peak value can be explained by the combined influence of flow shear stress and drainage density, represented by dimensionless variable Ω.     

Spatial and temporal variations of spatial population accessibility to public hospitals: a case study of rural–urban comparison

Quantification and assessment of nationwide population access to health-care services is a critical undertaking for improving population health and optimizing the performance of national health systems. Rural–urban unbalance of population access to health-care services is widely involved in most of the nations. This unbalance is also potentially affected by varied weather and road conditions. This study investigates the rural and urban performances of public health system by quantifying the spatiotemporal variations of accessibility and assessing the impacts of potential factors. Australian health-care system is used as a case study for the rural–urban comparison of population accessibility. A nationwide travel time-based modified kernel density two-step floating catchment area (MKD2SFCA) model is utilized to compute accessibility of travel time within 30, 60, 120, and 240 min to all public hospitals, hospitals that provide emergency care, and hospitals that provide surgery service, respectively. Results show that accessibility is varied both temporally and spatially, and the rural–urban unbalance is distinct for different types of hospitals. In Australia, from the perspective of spatial distributions of health-care resources, spatial accessibility to all public hospitals in remote and very remote areas is not lower (and may even higher) than that in major cities, but the accessibility to hospitals that provide emergency and surgery services is much higher in major cities than other areas. From the angle of temporal variation of accessibility to public hospitals, reduction of traffic speed is 1.00–3.57% due to precipitation and heavy rain, but it leads to 18–23% and 31–50% of reduction of accessibility in hot-spot and cold-spot regions, respectively, and the impact is severe in New South Wales, Queensland, and Northern Territory during wet seasons. Spatiotemporal analysis for the variations of accessibility can provide quantitative and accurate evidence for geographically local and dynamic strategies of allocation decision-making of medical resources and optimizing health-care systems both locally and nationally.     

Responses of phreatophyte transpiration to falling water table in hyper-arid and arid regions,Northwest China

Quantitative assessment of the impact of groundwater depletion on phreatophytes in (hyper-) arid regions is key to sustainable groundwater management. However, a parsimonious model for predicting the response of phreatophytes to a decrease of the water table is lacking. A variable saturated flow model, HYDRUS-1D, was used to numerically assess the influences of depth to the water table (DWT) and mean annual precipitation (MAP) on transpiration of groundwater-dependent vegetation in (hyper-) arid regions of northwest China. An exponential relationship is found for the normalized transpiration (a ratio of transpiration at a certain DWT to transpiration at 1 m depth, T_a*) with increasing DWT, while a positive linear relationship is identified between T_a* and annual precipitation. Sensitivity analysis shows that the model is insensitive to parameters, such as saturated soil hydraulic conductivity and water stress parameters, indicated by an insignificant variation (less than 20% in most cases) under ± 50% changes of these parameters. Based on these two relationships, a universal model has been developed to predict the response of phreatophyte transpiration to groundwater drawdown for (hyper-) arid regions using MAP only. The estimated T_a* from the model is reasonable by comparing with published measured values.© 2021 China Geology Editorial Office.     

中国东北兴安岭地区年冻融频次的分布规律北大核心CSCD

冻融循环是影响寒区工程和环境变化的重要因素之一,而年冻融频次(冻融循环的年累计量)是可以直接标定冻融循环对寒区工程和环境造成影响大小的物理量,对寒区环境下年冻融频次的调查有重要意义。以中国东北兴安岭地区为研究对象,选取兴安岭地区18个气象站点1990—2017年地表温度数据进行整理,得出兴安岭地区各个站点的年冻融频次,并在空间分布和时间序列上分析了年冻融频次的变化情况。结果表明:年冻融频次在中国东北兴安岭地区随着纬度增加逐渐增多,随着经度的增加逐渐减少,随着海拔升高而逐渐增多,且均具有良好的线性趋势;年冻融频次在1990—2017年呈明显的减少趋势,在2004年前后发生突变。进一步分析发现,在影响年冻融频次空间分布的3个因素中,经纬度影响较大,海拔影响相对较小;在时间上年冻融频次变化与东北地区NDVI变化情况呈现良好的负相关性,表明年冻融频次在一定程度上与当地植被覆盖度有关,且随植被覆盖度的增加而减少。     

白龙江流域不同降雨侵蚀力模型对比研究

降雨侵蚀力不仅是评价土壤流失、输沙量和水质模型的重要参数,也是气候环境变化模拟中的重要参量。基于白龙江流域5个气象站点逐日降雨观测资料,利用Renard等8个降雨侵蚀力模型分别计算白龙江流域降雨侵蚀力,并分析各模型之间的差异。结果表明Renard-Lo年降雨侵蚀力模型误差最大为76.2%,周伏建月降雨侵蚀力模型误差最小为2.1%,月降雨侵蚀力模型计算结果在白龙江流域优于年雨量和日雨量模型结果。白龙江流域年平均侵蚀性降雨占年降雨量的34.5%~46.0%。年降雨量与年平均降雨侵蚀力之间呈现高度相关,可以用幂函数拟合,各站相关系数均超过0.98。     

Variations of the Eco-Hydro-Climatic Environment Response to the 2015/2016 Super El Niño Event in the Mindanao Dome Upwelling System

A super El Ni?o event occurred in the equatorial Pacific during 2015-2016,accompanied by considerable regional eco-hydro-climatic variations within the Mindanao Dome(MD)upwelling system in the tropical western Pacific.Using timeseries of various oceanic data from 2013 to 2017,the variability of eco-hydro-climatic conditions response to the 2015/2016 super El Ni?o in the upper 300 m of the MD region are analyzed in this paper.Results showed that during the 2015/2016 super El Ni?o event,the upwelling in the MD region was greatly enhanced compared to those before and after this El Ni?o event.Upwelling Rossby waves and the massive loss of surface water in the western Pacific were suggested to be the main reasons for this enhanced upwelling.De-creased precipitation caused by changes in large-scale air-sea interaction led to the increased surface salinities.Changes in the struc-tures of the thermohaline and nutrient distribution in deep waters contributed to the increased surface chlorophyll a,suggesting a po-sitive effect of El Ni?o on surface carbon storage in the MD region.Based on the above analysis,the synopsis mechanism illustrating the eco-hydro-climatic changing processes over the MD upwelling system responding to the El Ni?o event was proposed.It high-lights the prospect for the role played by El Ni?o in local eco-hydro-climatic effects,which has further profound implications for understanding the influence of the global climate changes on the ocean carbon cycle.     

Observation and modeling of NPP for Pinus elliottii plantation in subtropical China

Based on the stem analysis of 59 individuals of Pinus elliottii in combination with tree biomass models, we calculated annual biomass increment of forest plots at Qianyanzhou Ecological Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences in subtropical China. In addition, canopy layer and community NPP were calcu- lated based on 12 years’ litter fall data. NPP of the 21-year-old forest was estimated by using the BIOME BGC model; and both measured NPP and estimated NPP were compared with flux data. Community biomass was 10574 g·m-2; its distribution patterns in tree layer, shrub layer, herbaceous layer, tree root, herbaceous and shrub roots and fine roots were 7542, 480, 239, 1810, 230, 274 and 239 g·m-2, respectively. From 1999 to 2004, the average annual growth rate and litter fall were 741 g·m-2·a-1 (381.31 gC·m-2·a-1) and 849 g·m?2·a?1 (463 gC·m-2·a-1), respectively. There was a significant corre- lation between annual litter fall and annual biomass increment; and the litter fall was 1.19 times the biomass increment of living trees. From 1985 to 2005, average NPP and GPP values based on BGC modeling were 630.88 (343.31 - 906.42 gC·m-2·a-1) and 1 800 gC·m-2·a-1 (1351.62 - 2318.26 gC·m-2·a-1). Regression analysis showed a linear relationship (R2=0.48) between the measured and simulated tree layer NPP values. NPP accounted for 30.2% (25.6%-32.9%) of GPP, while NEP ac- counted for 57.5% (48.1%-66.5%) of tree-layer NPP and 41.74% (37%-52%) of stand NPP. Soil respi- ration accounted for 77.0% of measured tree NPP and 55.9% of the measured stand NPP. NEE based on eddy covariance method was 12.97% higher than the observed NEP.