Determination of the parameter pattern and values for a one-dimensional multi-zone unconfined aquifer

In an aquifer, heterogeneity plays an important role in governing groundwater flow. Hence, aquifer characterization should involve both the pattern and values of the hydrogeological parameters. A new analytical solution describing the one-dimensional groundwater flow in a multi-zone unconfined aquifer is presented, and a methodology developed from the analytical solution and a heuristic approach for determining the pattern and values of the aquifer parameters are proposed. The analytical solution demonstrates that the hydraulic head varies spatially and is influenced by aquifer heterogeneity. Simulated annealing, a heuristic approach, is incorporated with the solution to simultaneously identify the pattern and values of the hydraulic conductivity for a horizontal multi-zone unconfined aquifer. This approach may be used to give an approximate result for a two-dimensional problem by dividing the model area into a number of transects along the transverse direction, identifying the parameter values along the longitudinal direction for each transect, and then smoothing the identified results.     

改进的模拟退火－单纯形综合反演方法

实际中的大量地球物理反演是一个多参数、非线性优化问题,所采用的目标函数,即度量由参数化的理论模型得出的预测值与观测值的吻合程度,往往具有多个局部极值．针对这类问题,本文综合全局反演方法具有的全域搜索能力强、局部方法收敛速度快和“均匀设计”布点效率高的特点,提出了模拟退火－单纯性综合反演方法,并通过一维声波非线性反演验证了这种综合方法的搜索能力和效率．     

基于模拟退火算法的潜艇结构系统可靠性计算

针对结构系统可靠度计算中重要样本函数选择的困难，提出了应用模拟退火算法的自适应的重要样本法，并根据结构系统可靠性计算的特点，给出了适宜的模拟退火过程的冷却进度表。潜艇耐压结构系统可靠性分析的算例表明，本方法可有效地解决非线性失效方程的工程结构系统可靠度的计算问题。     

锆石辐射损伤测年方法研究进展与应用

锆石辐射损伤测年是一种新兴的低温热年代学方法(封闭温度为～230±25℃),其原理是依据拉曼半高宽(ν₃)计算出锆石所累积的α通量,结合U、Th含量,得出锆石辐射损伤的累积时间,即锆石辐射损伤年龄。相较于其他低温年代学方法,锆石辐射损伤测年具有测试简便、高效、低成本、双(多)定年等优势,在地学研究中展现出广泛的应用前景,现已成功应用于示踪物源区和揭示岩体热事件等领域。然而,该方法尚存几个关键问题有待解决,例如,微区测试的空间不匹配性、封闭温度存有争议、较大的年龄偏差等,这无疑阻碍其在地球科学领域中更进一步的推广和应用。本文系统地介绍了锆石辐射损伤测年方法的起源、原理和测试方法,总结了相关应用的重要进展,阐述了锆石辐射损伤测年方法的尚存问题,并对该方法的发展趋势作以展望,以期为年代学的发展提供新的技术手段。     

Temperature dependent grain boundary migration in deformed-then-annealed material: Observations from experimentally deformed synthetic rocksalt

Grain boundary migration between strained, substructured grains and newly appearing, strain free grains has been observed during static in-situ annealing of pre-deformed rocksalt in the SEM. With increasing temperature (T) the migration velocity increases and the character of grain boundary migration changes. As temperature increases there is an increase in the length of individual migrating boundary segments that move at similar rates. In addition, the frequency of migrating boundaries that form traces of a {100} boundary plane of at least one of the crystals involved increases, and moving grain boundaries between new and old grains change from highly irregular to smooth, straight boundaries. At the same time there is a decrease in the influence of the substructure of pre-existing strained grains on the grain boundary movement. Resultant microstructures reflect these changes. At  325–350 °C, the deformed-then-annealed microstructure is characterized by very irregular grain boundaries, a high abundance of 5–50 m scale remnants of old, substructured grains within new grains, giving a poikilitic microstructure. At  350–400 °C, grain boundaries often exhibit elongate embayments into the strained grains and most remnants of old, strained grains are located at former grain boundaries. At > 400 °C, grain boundaries between new and old, strained grains are straight to smoothly curved.The grain boundary velocity observations are explained by the effect of temperature on mobility coupled with local driving force variations. Additionally, at low annealing temperature, impurity (solute) drag and driving-force variations are influential, while at high temperature the anisotropy in grain boundary energy with crystallographic orientation becomes more important. Transferring the knowledge from our experiments to geological samples enables us to recognize and interpret similar microstructures in rocks, thereby making it is possible to relate microstructural characteristics to the pre-annealing and post-deformational annealing history.     

波阻抗遗传算法反演方法的研究及应用

作者介绍的遗传算法是在自然界生物遗传过程优选和进化原理的基础上，针对波阻抗反演的实际问题，对标准的遗传算法进行了改进，引入了模拟退火算法中的热槽法控制初始群体的产生，用逐位迭代的交换方式代替传统的杂交方式即随机选择杂交点进行交换。使用改进的遗传算法对地震波阻抗进行反演，可很好地提高反演的精度。在文中最后，作者通过理论模型和实例验证了上述的思想。     

改进的模拟退火方法及其在电阻率图像重建中的应用

实际中的大量地球物理反演都是一个多参数、非线性优化问题,以往的局部方法只是利用有限的信息来改进初始模型,因此对初始模型有很大的依赖性,难以得到全局最优解。针对这一问题,本文选择全局反演方法中的模拟退火和单纯形的组合算法,改进了模拟退火和单纯形算法的匹配技术,并将它引入到电阻成像反演问题中。     

断层物质测年的热释光研究

断层物质ＴＬ测年的关键，是断裂运动产生的温压效应能否使断裂带内某些矿物原贮存的ＴＬ能量完全释放而“归零”。为此，进行了不同条件的高温、高压和位移速率变化等的模拟断裂运动的实验。结果表明，断裂运动产生的摩擦增温是使断层面上矿物ＴＬ强度减弱的主要因素。讨论了摩擦增温值与断裂运动时剪应力大小、断层泥厚度和断层位移间的关系，并得到了野外断层面上实际测试的证实。据此研究成果，还对小湾坝区Ｆ＿７断裂的活动时代进行了测定     

人工神经网络及其在短期气候预测中的应用

从业务实际出发，提出了面向短期气候预测的神经网络。选用主分量作为网络的输入和输出，大大减少了输入输出节点数，重点突出了大尺度影响变化关系，提高了实际预报的稳定性；用全局寻优的SA算法取代经典BP算法，使网络学习训练更充分，知识获取更全面；针对业务实际设计代价函数，保证了网络学习训练能适应短期气候预测业务的要求，学习目的更明确，针对性更强。     

陕西省数字地震台下方壳幔速度结构研究

利用广义反、透射系数的传递矩阵计算理论地震图，用快速模拟退火法搜索最佳模型，通过与地震台站实际记录的P波波形进行拟合对比，反演了陕西省13个数字地震台下方的P波速度结构。台站分布区域涉及到秦岭造山带、渭河盆地及鄂尔多斯地台三个构造区域。结果显示，3个构造区的地下速度结构差异明显，呈现了各自的构造特点。其中秦岭造山带上地壳乃至地表速度高，中下地壳出现多个低速层，可能与岩石脱水、构造滑脱带等有关；渭河盆地内上中地壳高低速度层交替出现，反映了断层活动在浅部的影响；鄂尔多斯地台有部分台站保持稳定的匀速构造。反映了古老地台地层稳定发展的特性，部分台站受到后期改造，低速层位增多。因为变化剧烈的台站分布在盆地的南部和西部。而且震源机制解显示该区主应力场方向为近东西向，可以说秦岭北缘的断裂作用以及后来来自青藏高原的挤压应力是导致渭河盆地形成和发展的主要因素。最后我们讨论了速度结构与强震、地震分布以及不同构造演化的关系。