非饱和裂隙岩体渗流的统计模型研究方法

常规方法研究非饱和裂隙介质往往采用宏观连续体的概念,然而现场试验证明,非饱和裂隙岩体中的渗流具有相当的非均质性。天然裂隙岩体的非饱和渗流是发生在三维裂隙网络中的多场非等温流,要在不完整的信息基础上刻画和表现介质的不均匀性,通常借助随机模拟的手段。将三维裂隙系统近似为概化的二维非均匀多孔介质的二维平面裂隙。采用模拟退火法将取自各种来源的信息资料通过建立适当的目标函数汇集至模型之中,以此模拟裂隙的空间特征。     

模拟退火法建立数字岩心的一种补充优化方案

针对传统的模拟退火建立数字岩心方法建模效率低、计算结果存在较多的孤立点等缺陷,设计了后续的补充搜索方案,定义了孔隙与骨架的边界点选取准则,提出了基于择多算子算法选取的对象点与孔隙骨架边界点交换作为新系统的生成方案.使用传统模拟退火算法对随机的初始模型优化作为第一阶段,用新系统生成方案继续优化作为第二阶段,最后减少模型中孤立孔隙点或骨架点,输出结果.试验表明,新的补充优化方案不仅可行而且效果良好.最终优化模型与传统模拟退火建模结果相比,无论是在孔隙形态还是在孔隙连通性上都与原始岩心较为接近,由反映岩石孔隙空间特征的变差函数可以看出补充搜索方案优化结果优于传统模拟退火法建模结果.     

2008年10月6日当雄Ms6.6级地震破裂过程

2008年10月6日16时30分(北京时间),西藏自治区拉萨市当雄县发生M_s6.6级地震.震中位于亚东-谷露近南北向裂谷带北段,是该活动构造带近年来发生的一次较大地震.我们利用中国地震台网中心(CENC)和美国地震学联合研究所(IRIS)提供的宽频带地震记录资料,基于点源和有限断层模型,通过波形拟合反演了该地震的震源过程.结果表明,本次地震的发震断层面走向为183.3°,倾角为49.5°,滑动角约为－115°,最大滑动量达130 cm,地震震源的深度为9.6 km,地震的标量地震矩为2.85×10¹⁸ N·m,破裂持续时间约10 s.根据地震破裂的几何学和运动学特征,推测该地震主要发生在亚东-谷露南北向裂谷活动构造带内的一个高角度西倾断层上,是一个以拉张为主且有一定的右旋分量的破裂事件,这与青藏高原现今GPS测量所揭示的该地区地壳运动特征基本一致,暗示了青藏高原南部从西向东地表运动从北北东向到南东东向的运动学转变所导致的地壳在近东西方向上的拉张变形特征.     

Calibration of high-resolution geophysical data with tracer test measurements to improve hydrological predictions

Relationships between porosity and hydraulic conductivity tend to be strongly scale- and site-dependent and are thus very difficult to establish. As a result, hydraulic conductivity distributions inferred from geophysically derived porosity models must be calibrated using some measurement of aquifer response. This type of calibration is potentially very valuable as it may allow for transport predictions within the considered hydrological unit at locations where only geophysical measurements are available, thus reducing the number of well tests required and thereby the costs of management and remediation. Here, we explore this concept through a series of numerical experiments. Considering the case of porosity characterization in saturated heterogeneous aquifers using crosshole ground-penetrating radar and borehole porosity log data, we use tracer test measurements to calibrate a relationship between porosity and hydraulic conductivity that allows the best prediction of the observed hydrological behavior. To examine the validity and effectiveness of the obtained relationship, we examine its performance at alternate locations not used in the calibration procedure. Our results indicate that this methodology allows us to obtain remarkably reliable hydrological predictions throughout the considered hydrological unit based on the geophysical data only. This was also found to be the case when significant uncertainty was considered in the underlying relationship between porosity and hydraulic conductivity.     

An optimal procedure for identifying parameter structure and application to a confined aquifer

This study applies an optimal procedure to identify the spatial distribution of groundwater hydraulic conductivity for a confined aquifer in north Taiwan. The parameter structure is determined by the number of zones, zonation pattern, and an uniform hydraulic conductivity associated with each zone. The proposed optimal procedure uses the Voronoi diagram in describing zonation and applies simulated annealing algorithm to optimize its pattern and associated hydraulic conductivity. Three criteria are defined to stop the searching process, including the residual error, the parameter uncertainty, and the structure error. Observation hydraulic heads in years 2000 and 2001 and hydraulic conductivity value from pumping tests are used. The results show that the parameter structure with five zones conforms to the three criteria and, thus, is recommended for future groundwater simulation for the study site. Different heuristic algorithms may also play the role of simulated annealing to optimize the parameter structure. However, which optimization algorithm is more efficient is not discussed and requires further study.     

核磁共振地下水勘查的模拟退火反演

简要地介绍了NMR找水的理论方法,分析了核磁共振找水对于不同含水层的正演计算方法,并用模拟退火反演方法对一维含水模型进行反演,给出了三个不同含水层模型的模拟退火反演效果图。经对比验证,该方法在技术上是可行的,在理论上给出了对NMR反演进行改进的可行性方法。     

Automated statistical matching of multiple tephra records exemplified using five long maar sequences younger than 75 ka,Auckland, New Zealand

Detailed tephrochronologies are built to underpin probabilistic volcanic hazard forecasting, and to understand the dynamics and history of diverse geomorphic, climatic, soil-forming and environmental processes. Complicating factors include highly variable tephra distribution over time; difficulty in correlating tephras from site to site based on physical and chemical properties; and uncertain age determinations. Multiple sites permit construction of more accurate composite tephra records, but correctly merging individual site records by recognizing common events and site-specific gaps is complex. We present an automated procedure for matching tephra sequences between multiple deposition sites using stochastic local optimization techniques. If individual tephra age determinations are not significantly different between sites, they are matched and a more precise age is assigned. Known stratigraphy and mineralogical or geochemical compositions are used to constrain tephra matches. We apply this method to match tephra records from five long sediment cores (≤ 75 cal ka BP) in Auckland, New Zealand. Sediments at these sites preserve basaltic tephras from local eruptions of the Auckland Volcanic Field as well as distal rhyolitic and andesitic tephras from Okataina, Taupo, Egmont, Tongariro, and Tuhua (Mayor Island) volcanic centers. The new correlated record compiled is statistically more likely than previously published arrangements from this area.     

基于改进遗传算法的多约束VRP求解

建立了多约束条件车辆路径问题的数学模型和求解流程.先采用最近插入法生成初始解,然后基于遗传算法和模拟退火算法改进初始解.实验结果表明:结合模拟退火与遗传算法求解车辆路径问题,可以在一定程度上解决遗传算法易"早熟收敛"问题,从而得到更优的解.     

综合空间相关性和区域分异性方法的上海海洋环境监测站位优化

综合无机氮和活性磷酸盐的海水水质类别现状进行空间分区,拟合无机氮和活性磷酸盐全局半变异函数和局部半变异函数。通过留一交叉检验方法确定统计推断方法,无机氮采用分层克里金插值方法,使得平均绝对误差和误差方差最小;活性磷酸盐采用普通克里金插值方法,使得平均绝对误差和误差方差最小。原则上调整现有站位数的10%,综合考虑对无机氮和活性磷酸盐插值标准差的变化影响,以及对不同水质类别面积的影响,确定去掉冗余的7个历史站位。7个站位均分布在劣四类水区域的长江口南支、北支、和杭州湾北部近岸区域,这些区域站点密集,水体中各要素含量变化不大,水团混合较均匀。优化删减掉的7个站位调整到三类和四类水质分区中,或者无限制区域的优化调整,发现调整优化的站位主要分布在水质类别变化过渡的区域,因此,不同水质类别的分界带以及海域边界处是站位调整优化的关键区域。     

鄂尔多斯、沁水盆地晚新生代隆升-剥蚀历史

鄂尔多斯、沁水盆地的裂变径迹资料显示晚新生代以来鄂尔多斯、沁水盆地经历了两次隆升过程 ,分别发生于 2 7～ 2 0Ma间和 8Ma以来。隆升造成沁水盆地一带约 4.2 km的剥蚀量 ,鄂尔多斯盆地东部约 3.7km的剥蚀量 ,鄂尔多斯盆地西部约2 .2 km的剥蚀量。