长江中华鲟遗传多样性变化

采用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术对2000年共30尾长江中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)幼鲟遗传多样性进行了分析。共用40个10bp长的随机引物,在25个可分析的引物中,只有OPK01,OPK02,OPK03,OPK09和OPK14RAPD-PCR产物有多态现象,多态引物占20%。25个引物共扩增出101条稳定的DNA带。其中12条为多态带,多态座位比例为9.9%。香农遗传多样性指数(H0)为2.6332,遗传多样性指数(H)为0.0261,遗传相似性指数平均为0.9824,遗传距离平均为0.0176。其遗传多样性明显低于葛洲坝截流以前。     

SV波入射下层状半空间相邻半圆形凸起地形地震响应研究

采用有限元方法计算SV波入射下层状半空间相邻2个半圆形凸起地形的地震响应,比较分析相邻凸起之间的相互影响。研究结果表明：（1）当无量纲频率η较小时,凸起间距对地表位移谱放大系数β的影响明显大于高频;凸起间距越小,右侧凸起对左侧凸起的影响越大,而左侧凸起对右侧凸起的影响还受入射角度限制。（2）当无量纲频率η> 1.0时,对于相同的入射波频率和入射角度,凸起间距越大,对谱放大系数的影响越小。（3）当输入地震波波长大于凸起地形宽度时,相邻凸起的影响可忽略。（4）与SV波入射下均匀半空间半圆形凸起地形的地震响应相比,无论是单个半圆形凸起还是相邻2个半圆形凸起,在|x/a|≤1.0范围内,层状半空间地表位移谱放大系数明显大于均匀半空间地表位移谱放大系数;在|x/a|≥1.0范围内,偶尔会出现层状半空间地表位移谱放大系数小于均匀半空间地表位移谱放大系数的情形。     

用地脉动研究银川沉积地层的地震波放大特性

根据银川盆地不同厚度覆盖层上的三分向( 东西、南北和垂直) 地脉动测量数据,绘制出水平向振幅谱与垂直向振幅谱的比值曲线.结果表明,谱比曲线上最大峰值处的频率大小显著地反映了覆盖层的薄厚.通过银川市部分房屋自振频率的对比分析认为,该部分房屋在未来地震中将遭受严重破坏.     

The cloud-microphysical cause of torrential rainfall amplification associated with Bilis (0604)

After its landfall in China’s mainland in 2006, Typhoon Bilis brought about torrential rainfall amplification at the edge of Guangdong, Jiangxi, and Hunan provinces, causing severe disasters. From a cloud-microphysical perspective, we discuss the differences of cloud-microphysical processes before and during the precipitation amplification and possible causes of the rainfall amplification by using high-resolution simulation data. The results show that the cloud-microphysical characteristics during the above two periods are significantly different. With the distinct increase in the rainfall intensity, the cloud hydrometeor contents increase markedly, especially those of the ice-phase hydrometeors including ice, snow and graupel, contributing more to the surface rainfall. The clouds develop highly and vigorously. Comparisons of conversion rates of the cloud hydrometeors between the above two periods show that the distinct increases in the cloud water content caused by the distinct enhancement of the water vapor condensation rate contribute to the surface rainfall mainly in two ways. First, the rain water content increases significantly by accretion of cloud water by rain water, which thus contributes to the surface rainfall. Second, the accretion of cloud water by snow increases significantly the content of snow, which is then converted to graupel by accretion of snow by graupel. And then the graupel melts into rain water, which subsequently contributes to the surface rainfall amplification. In summary, a flow chart is given to clarify the cloud-microphysical cause of the torrential rainfall amplification associated with Bilis.     

高层建筑结构中粘滞阻尼器的新型安装方式

在建筑结构中,一般粘滞阻尼器均布置在层间,但在有些情况下较小的层间位移差在一定程度上制约了阻尼器性能的充分发挥。系统回顾了为解决这一问题,目前最新的一些解决方案:改进层间阻尼器的连接方式,如基于连杆结构、杠杆原理与齿轮机构的位移放大系统,及大对角支撑;新型结构保护系统,如利用结构构件竖向振动位移及框架核心筒结构的加强层阻尼系统等,并重点分析了加强层阻尼系统。     

环境场大尺度锋面系统与变性台风结构特征及其暴雨的形成

本文将登陆台风环境大尺度锋面系统动力、热力结构作为台风变性发展的关键影响因子。本文的分析研究揭示了变性台风半冷半暖的热力非对称结构,及其演变过程气压谷型、动能峰型、降水增幅特征形成的环境场影响因子。本文的数值试验表明,台风环境场斜压结构（锋面特征）可以显著地影响台风变性过程,并可导致台风中心气压呈“谷型”、动能“锋型”以及热力非对称结构特征。引起台风变性涡旋加强及其暴雨增幅现象或台风衰减、消亡。本文的数值试验证实了登陆台风变性发展的某些成因,某种程度揭示了中低纬度系统的相互作用的机理问题。     

湖泊沉积物中DNA提取与PCR扩增

对湖泊沉积物中保存的生物大分子—DNA进行研究分析,以探讨湖泊生态系统随环境改变而演变的过程。根据前人对土壤和海洋沉积物DNA的提取方法,针对湖泊沉积物的特点进行改进,在此基础上对太湖梅梁湾湖泊沉积岩芯进行DNA提取和扩增。结果表明：不同深度湖泊沉积物均能获得DNA,且纯度较高,OD²⁶⁰/ OD²⁸⁰均大于1.4、OD²⁶⁰/ OD²³⁰大于1.1,可直接用于PCR（polymerase chain reaction ）扩增。对微囊藻的16S rRNA基因进行PCR扩增,结果发现在前5个沉积物样品中,均得到了200 bp左右的微囊藻16S rRNA基因片段,表明微囊藻或已降解的微囊藻基因片段存在于这5个层位的湖泊沉积物中。这为利用湖泊沉积物中的生物分子来推断历史湖泊生物群落结构,判断湖泊生态演变的历史提供了新的研究思路。     

甘肃地区三水准超越概率水平地震动峰值加速度关系与场地放大效应研究

通过对甘肃省158个场地安全性评价结果的分析,讨论了不同的超越概率下水平地震动峰值加速度之间的关系以及不同的场地条件对基岩峰值加速度的放大效应。结果对甘肃地区地震安全性评价中水平地震动峰值加速度的取值提供必要的参考。     

CAS FGOALS-f3-L Large-ensemble Simulations for the CMIP6 Polar Amplification Model Intercomparison Project

Large-ensemble simulations of the atmosphere-only time-slice experiments for the Polar Amplification Model Intercomparison Project (PAMIP) were carried out by the model group of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System (FGOALS-f3-L). Eight groups of experiments forced by different combinations of the sea surface temperature (SST) and sea ice concentration (SIC) for pre-industrial, present-day, and future conditions were performed and published. The time-lag method was used to generate the 100 ensemble members, with each member integrating from 1 April 2000 to 30 June 2001 and the first two months as the spin-up period. The basic model responses of the surface air temperature (SAT) and precipitation were documented. The results indicate that Arctic amplification is mainly caused by Arctic SIC forcing changes. The SAT responses to the Arctic SIC decrease alone show an obvious increase over high latitudes, which is similar to the results from the combined forcing of SST and SIC. However, the change in global precipitation is dominated by the changes in the global SST rather than SIC, partly because tropical precipitation is mainly driven by local SST changes. The uncertainty of the model responses was also investigated through the analysis of the large-ensemble members. The relative roles of SST and SIC, together with their combined influence on Arctic amplification, are also discussed. All of these model datasets will contribute to PAMIP multi-model analysis and improve the understanding of polar amplification.     

Quantifying peakflow attenuation/amplification in a karst river using the diffusive wave model with lateral flow

The aim of this paper is to quantify peakflow attenuation and/or amplification in a river, investigating lateral flow from the intermediate catchment during floods. This is a challenge for the study of the hydrological response of permeable/intermittent streams, and our contribution refers to a modelling framework based on the inverse problem for the diffusive wave model applied in a karst catchment. Knowing the upstream and downstream hydrographs on a reach between two stations, we can model the lateral one, given information on the hydrological processes involved in the intermediate catchment. The model is applied to 33 flood events in the karst reach of the Iton River in French Normandy where peakflow attenuation is observed. The monitored zone consists of a succession of losing and gaining reaches controlled by strong surface‐water/groundwater (SW/GW) interactions. Our results show that despite a high baseflow increase in the reach, peakflow is attenuated. Model application shows that the intensity of lateral outflow for the flood component is linked to upstream discharge. A combination of river loss and overbank flow for highest floods is proposed for explaining the relationships. Our approach differentiates the role of outflow (river loss and overbank flow) and that of wave diffusion on peakflow attenuation. Based on several sets of model parameterization, diffusion is the main attenuation process for most cases, despite high river losses of up to several m³/s (half of peakflow for some parameterization strategies). Finally, this framework gives new insight into the SW/GW interactions during floods in karst basins, and more globally in basins characterized by disconnected river‐aquifer systems.