Laboratory tests of steel simple torsionally unbalanced models

The objective of this work is to obtain estimations of the amplification factors α and δ used for torsion design of buildings, from experiments. For this study, simple one‐storey torsionally unbalanced (TU) steel models were considered. Models consisted of a deck supported on four columns with a selected arrangement of hinges at column ends. Two theoretical structural eccentricities (e = 0.05 and 0.15) were considered. Models were excited with a simple long‐period pendulum consisting of a hanging platform with a forced‐vibration generator on it. Eight models were tested at several excitation levels (frequencies and force magnitudes) in both ranges of behaviour: elastic and inelastic. Experiments were conducted at three frequency ratios of excitation. Registered accelerations of the pendulum platform indicate that the experimental set‐up leads to excitations that resemble narrow‐band seismic ground motions. Frame shear force estimations, based on accelerations recorded at both deck sides, indicate that torsion design factors (α and δ) depend on eccentricity. Estimations of frame shears based on measurements indicate that for normalized eccentricities e ? 0.025, the amplification α can be between 2 and 3; while δ factor resulted between 0.0 and 1.6. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Air–Sea Coupling Enhances the East Asian Winter Climate Response to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation

A simple air–sea coupled model,the atmospheric general circulation model(AGCM) of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction coupled to a mixed-layer slab ocean model,is employed to investigate the impact of air–sea coupling on the signals of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation(AMO). A regional coupling strategy is applied,in which coupling is switched off in the extratropical North Atlantic Ocean but switched on in the open oceans elsewhere. The coupled model is forced with warm-phase AMO SST anomalies,and the modeled responses are compared with those from parallel uncoupled AGCM experiments with the same SST forcing. The results suggest that the regionally coupled responses not only resemble the AGCM simulation,but also have a stronger intensity. In comparison,the coupled responses bear greater similarity to the observational composite anomaly. Thus,air–sea coupling enhances the responses of the East Asian winter climate to the AMO. To determine the mechanism responsible for the coupling amplification,an additional set of AGCM experiments,forced with the AMO-induced tropical SST anomalies,is conducted. The SST anomalies are extracted from the simulated AMO-induced SST response in the regionally coupled model. The results suggest that the SST anomalies contribute to the coupling amplification. Thus,tropical air–sea coupling feedback tends to enhance the responses of the East Asian winter climate to the AMO.     

川藏铁路线V形深切河谷地形地震放大效应数值模拟

V形河谷场地能产生地震动放大效应,并加剧地震的破坏作用和灾害效应。基于高性能离散元软件MatDEM,对规则V形河谷以及真实河谷地形下的放大效应进行数值模拟研究。结果表明,对于规则V形河谷,在地震波水平入射的情况下,背波坡面产生明显的地震动加速度放大效应,并在临近谷底处最为强烈;随着河谷坡角的增大,放大效应增大。数值模拟结果和解析解具有一致的趋势和规律,并符合现场观测现象。将模型进一步应用于川藏铁路线日扎深切河谷的分析,发现地形微小的转折将会影响到波的传播,临近谷底处的加速度放大效应与规则地形较为一致。离散元法能有效地模拟河谷中地震波的传播、反射、散射等现象,可用于川藏铁路沿线复杂条件下的动力作用灾害效应分析。     

含隧道场地地震动放大效应的深度变化规律研究

以剑桥大学工程系完成的含圆形隧道的动力离心模型试验结果为基础数据,在80g重力加速度条件下,从模型基底处由弱至强输入4 种地震波 EQ1～EQ4,利用在叠环式模型箱内不同位置布设加速度传感器,获取了不同层位深度处隧道列的加速度时程记录,运用考虑相消干涉的传统谱比法,分析研究了地震作用下含隧道的场地放大效应随深度变化规律。研究结果表明：在EQ1～EQ4下各振型的地震动放大系数随深度变化曲线从基底到地表大部分呈现一个先减小后增大的现象;并统计到高阶振型地震动放大系数数值大于一阶振型的概率为 18.3%,振型越高,概率越大;近地表处地震动放大系数的最大值主要分布在 4.20～8.63 Hz的中部频段上,而不是出现在低频段上。     

季节性海冰驱动的冰期北大西洋“电容器”效应

第四纪冰期的千年尺度气候突变事件——Dansgaard-Oeschger Event (D-O事件),一直是古气候学领域关注的重点。近年来,数值模拟的研究发现,北大西洋副极地地区年际-年代际气候变率的振幅在D-O事件中的冰阶冷期远大于间冰阶暖期,这一现象为理解该区域海温代理指标的气候学意义提供了重要参考价值,但其动力机制尚不清晰。本文利用海气耦合气候模型(COSMOS),通过模拟氧同位素(MIS)3阶段的一个典型D-O事件过程,探讨了冰阶冷期北大西洋气候变率的放大机制。结果显示,北大西洋副极地海域的季节性海冰通过调控海气间热量交换,影响当地气候变率的幅度。冰阶期,热带暖水向北输送导致海洋次表层逐渐升温,削弱了表层-次表层海水的密度层结,有利于次表层暖水上涌,促进海冰融化及海表温度升高。这将激发出海平面气压的负异常,引起气旋式风切变,并通过Ekman抽吸作用加速表层-次表层海水的垂直混合,进一步促进次表层暖水的上涌。这一正反馈机制造成海洋次表层热量的迅速释放,海表温度快速升高。当次表层热量释放结束后,海表将无暖水补充,导致海表温度下降,海冰增多。该过程激发的海表气压正异常(即反气旋式风切变)将抑制垂直混合发生,促进次表层热量积累,为下一次放热过程提供条件。在间冰阶暖期,随着北大西洋季节性海冰消失,海气间热交换不再受海冰变化影响,海洋次表层与大气间的热交换始终处于准平衡态,气候变率的振幅显著下降。本研究结果显示,北大西洋季节性海冰的存在可以调控海洋次表层热量积累-释放的过程,产生“电容器”效应,这对理解冰期年际-年代际气候变率放大现象有重要启示意义。     

基于谱元法的三维盆地－子盆地共振初步研究

本文基于谱元法,模拟三种深度的点震源下,四种倾角的三维单一小盆地模型和盆地－子盆地模型的地震动,通过盆地模型和基岩半空间模型的傅氏谱比分析三维盆地－子盆地模型的共振频率和放大特性。结果表明:（1）盆地－子盆地模型下,外部大盆地的存在导致子盆地共振频率下降约5%,盆地倾角的增大导致子盆地的共振频率略微减小。三维子盆地的共振频率约为二维模型的1.5倍左右。（2）子盆地模型相对于基岩半空间的放大倍数随着盆地形状比降低而增加。形状比由0.88降低至0.5,子盆地的放大系数增大1.3－1.8倍左右。（3）盆地－子盆地模型相对于单一小盆地模型的放大随震源深度的增加而降低,震源深度由2 km增加到18 km,由2.3降至1.3。     

考虑不同固定条件的核电设备多维地震响应振动台试验研究

在核电站中:核电设备通过不同的固定条件与结构相连,地震作用时设备与结构动力相互作用复杂,为分析核电设备多维地震响应并鉴定其抗震性能,进行了考虑不同固定条件的核电设备多维地震响应振动台试验研究。振动台试验进行了5次运行基准地震和1次安全停堆地震的动力时程激振,以及试验首末2次动力特性测试。试验结果表明:不同固定条件会影响核电设备多维地震响应的加速度峰值、反应谱特性和动力放大系数,与设备直接固定于振动台相比,将核电设备悬挂固定于剪力墙再与振动台连接的固定条件,改变了设备反应谱特性,且放大了响应的加速度峰值,具有显著的动力放大效应,使核电设备多维地震响应更为强烈。因此,对此类固定条件的核电设备,在产品设计及安装固定时要充分考虑动力放大效应,以提高设备的抗震韧性。抗震试验前后,核电设备功能运行正常,结构完整性好,抗震性能满足要求。     

Theoretical and Experimental Study on the Acoustic Wave Energy After the Nonlinear Interaction of Acoustic Waves in Aqueous Media

Based on the Burgers equation and Manley?Rowe equation, the derivation about nonlinear interaction of the acoustic waves has been done in this paper. After nonlinear interaction among the low-frequency weak waves and the pump wave, the analytical solutions of acoustic waves’ amplitude in the field are deduced. The relationship between normalized energy of high-frequency and the change of acoustic energy before and after the nonlinear interaction of the acoustic waves is analyzed. The experimental results about the changes of the acoustic energy are presented. The study shows that new frequencies are generated and the energies of the low-frequency are modulated in a long term by the pump waves, which leads the energies of the low-frequency acoustic waves to change in the pulse trend in the process of the nonlinear interaction of the acoustic waves. The increase and decrease of the energies of the low-frequency are observed under certain typical conditions, which lays a foundation for practical engineering applications.     

On the sensitivity of bridge seismic response with local soil amplification

The paper presents a numerical sensitivity study of the local site effects on structural response. Following a recently developed model of spatial coherency and a concept of a simple site coefficient the local site effects are modelled as filtrations of excitation processes with a frequency shift. An analysis of a bridge response with supports founded on different soils is carried out. The joint effects of dynamic response and pseudostatic motion are considered. Two types of response are analysed: longitudinal and transverse. The differences between dynamic displacements and force responses are pointed out. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

湖南中强地震活动地区Ⅱ类场地放大效应研究

利用工程场地地震安全性评价工作中大量实际钻孔和土工实验资料,建立了实际工程场地模型,在50年超越概率为63%、10%、2%共3种地震动输入下,采用SHAKE91和ELSSRA两种等效线性化方法,研究了湖南省Ⅱ类场地土层的放大效应.计算结果表明:湖南省50年超越概率10%的场地效应放大因子为1.30,若使用<中国地震动参数区划图(GB18306-2001)>认定的1.25系数,将低估湖南中强地震活动地区的场地放大效应.湖南省50年超越概率63%、10%、2%这3个设定水准的场地效应放大因子满足1.10:1.00:0.95的关系.这些结果有益于为湖南省提供更为合理的抗震设防标准.