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《The Journal of geography》2012,111(1):27-37
Abstract Determining the direction in which to face another location on the globe is a problem with significant social and religious meaning, and one with a rich and interesting history in the Western world. Yet a fully satisfying geographic solution to this problem is hindered by our intuitive perception of the world as a flat surface-where a “straight” path (1) is the shortest distance, and (2) maintains a constant angle. On a curved surface, however, only one of these two properties can be satisfied: the first, by a great circle; the second, by a rhumb line. These two solutions are analyzed, compared, and applied to the direction-facing problem. 相似文献
74.
A total of 12 indices of temperature extremes and 11 indices of precipitation ex-tremes at 111 stations in southwestern China at altitudes of 285-4700 m were examined for the period 1961-2008. Significant correlations of temperature extremes and elevation in-cluded the trends of diurnal temperature range, frost days, ice days, cold night frequency and cold day frequency. Regional trends of growing season length, warm night frequency, coldest night and warmest night displayed a statistically significant positive correlation with altitude. These characteristics indicated the obvious warming with altitude. For precipitation extreme indices, only the trends of consecutive dry days, consecutive wet days, wet day precipitation and the number of heavy precipitation days had significant correlations with increasing alti-tude owing to the complex influence of atmospheric circulation. It also indicated the increased precipitation mainly at higher altitude areas, whereas the increase of extreme precipitation events mainly at lowers altitude. In addition, the clearly local influences are also crucial on climate extremes. The analysis revealed an enhanced sensitivity of climate extremes to ele-vation in southwestern China in the context of recent warming. 相似文献
75.
选用1951-2008年乌鲁木齐市气象站逐月最高、最低及平均气温资料,用标准正态检验(SNHT)方法对逐月气温资料序列进行均一化检验,并选用差值法对因迁站引起的断点资料进行订正,检验结果显示,月气温序列断点所在的年份与年序列中检验出的断点基本相对应,即气温资料均在迁站距离较远的1975年产生了断点;各月的检验结果存在一定的差异,5-9月气温较高的月份资料受迁站的影响较大,而且产生了断点,并通过了0.05的显著性水平。用不同的权重比例对月序列进行订正,并选择累积距平方法对5-9月气温序列订正前后的变化趋势作了比较分析,发现订正前后趋势确有较显著的变化。 相似文献
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77.
A Study on Parameterization of Surface Albedo over
Grassland Surface in the Northern Tibetan Plateau 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The relationship of surface albedo with the solar altitude angle and soil moisture is
analyzed based on two-year (January 2002 to December 2003) observational data from the AWS
(Automatic Weather Station) at MS3478 in the northern Tibetan Plateau during the experimental
period of CEOP/CAMP-Tibet (Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period Asia-Australia Monsoon Project
on the Tibetan Plateau). As a double-variable (solar altitude angle and soil moisture) function,
surface albedo varies inconspicuously with any single factor. By using the method of approximately
separating the double-variable function into two, one-factor functions (product and addition),
the relationship of albedo with these two factors presents much better. The product and additional
empirical formulae of albedo are then preliminarily fitted based on long-term experimental data.
By comparison with observed values, it is found that the parameterization formulae fitted by using
observational data are mostly reliable and their correlation coefficients are both over 0.6. The
empirical formulae of albedo though, for the northern Tibetan Plateau, need to be tested by much
more representative observational data with the help of numerical models and the retrieval of
remote sensing data. It is practical until it is changed into effective parameterization formulae
representing a grid scale in models. 相似文献
78.
In tropical forests, the penetration ability of airborne laser scanning (ALS) may be limited because of highly dense vegetation cover. However, in the typical planning of ALS surveys, the ability of laser pulses to penetrate forests is not considered. Nine round-trip flight lines covering the area of a tropical forest on the northeast side of the Tsengwen Reservoir in Taiwan were designed in this study. Five flight lines flew at altitudes of 1.525, 1.830, 2.135, 2.440, and 2.745 km, and the other four had pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs) of 100, 150, 200, and 250 kHz. The laser penetration index (LPI) is a quantitative index measuring the penetration ability of the ALS and consists of the ratio of the number of laser pulses reaching the forest floor to the total number of laser pulses. The LPI was used to represent the laser penetration rate and investigate the influence of flying altitude and PRF on the LPI. The results showed that as the flying altitude decreased by 1 km, the average LPI increased by 10%, and as the PRF decreased by 50 kHz, the average LPI increased by 2%. The effect of the LPI on digital elevation models (DEMs) was confirmed by visual images obtained by DEMs at five altitudes. The DEM obtained at an altitude of 2.745 km was coarsely textured, whereas that obtained at an altitude of 1.525 km was finely textured. The in-situ height data obtained from the electronic Global Navigation Satellite System (eGNSS) were compared with the data of the ALS-generated DEMs. The results indicated that when the LPI ≥60%, the height difference between the in situ data and DEM data was not prominent. However, when the LPI <60%, the ALS-derived DEM could be higher or lower than the in-situ height; the largest difference between the two was 1.7 m. The LPI of a forest should be considered for ALS survey planning, especially when consistent DEM precision for large tropical forest areas is paramount. 相似文献
79.
青藏高原海拔要素对温度、降水和气候型分布格局的影响 总被引:4,自引:3,他引:1
青藏高原平均海拔4 000~5 000 m,由于特殊的地理条件,生态环境较为脆弱,对气候变化非常敏感,并对周围乃至全球的气候产生重要影响。使用1961-2010年青藏高原温度、降水0.5°×0.5°格点数据,以及由GTOPO30数据(分辨率为0.05°×0.05°)经过重采样生成的陆地0.5°×0.5°的数字高程模型DEM,分析了青藏高原温度、降水受海拔要素的影响,并通过青藏高原区域79个气象站的数据进行验证,进而使用柯本气候分类和中国自然地理区划两种方法对青藏高原气候进行划分,探讨青藏高原各分区海拔要素对温度、降水的影响差异以及出现差异的原因。研究表明:青藏高原及其各分区的气温垂直递减率不同,是由于地形起伏不同造成的青藏高原热源效用不同;降水与海拔的关系不同,是由于各区域受控于不同的气候系统,造成干湿度的不同,因而最大降水高度带不同。 相似文献
80.
Senyao Wu Xueliang Zhang Jinkang Du Xiaobing Zhou Ye Tuo Runjie Li Zheng Duan 《水文研究》2019,33(12):1686-1697
Seasonal snow cover in mountainous regions will affect local climate and hydrology. In this study, we assessed the role of altitude in determining the relative importance of temperature and precipitation in snow cover variability in the Central Tianshan Mountains. The results show that: (a) in the study area, temperature has a greater influence on snow cover than precipitation during most of the time period studied and in most altitudes. (b) In the high elevation area, there is a threshold altitude of 3,900 ± 400 m, below which temperature is negatively correlated whereas precipitation is positively correlated to snow cover, and above which the situation is the opposite. Besides, this threshold altitude decreases from snow accumulated period to snow stable period and then increases from snowmelt period to snow‐free period. (c) Below 2,000 m, there is another threshold altitude of 1,400 ± 100 m during the snow stable period, below (above) which precipitation (temperature) is the main driver of snow cover. 相似文献