碎石土滑坡的因素敏感性计算分析

通过资料搜集整理和分析、现场工程地质调查与勘探和室内外的物理力学试验,采用弹塑性接触有限元强度折减法、不平衡推力法和数理统计分析法,结合工程实例,分析了影响碎石土滑坡各因素的敏感性,结果表明,按因素敏感度从大到小排列,主要影响碎石土滑坡稳定性的因素依次为滑面岩土体内摩擦角、地形坡度、滑体饱水面积比和滑面岩土体的内聚力。地形坡度大、具有低内摩擦角滑面的碎石土滑坡的整体稳定性较差,而连续降雨、强降雨会抬高地下水位增大滑体饱水面积比,降低滑面带岩土体抗剪强度,增加下滑力,对碎石土滑坡的稳定性将产生最不利的影响。同时,在对碎石土滑坡进行加固处理时,必须优先考虑采取提高滑面等效内摩擦角、降低地形坡度结合降低地下水位措施,其次考虑采取提高滑面岩土体内聚力的措施。     

水网藻(Hydrodictyon reticulatum)水华在鄱阳湖的纪录

水网藻水华在国外出现较多,在国内鲜有报道.2013年5月对鄱阳湖进行采样时首次发现水网藻水华;结合现场观测及遥感影像确定其分布范围为老爷庙至落星墩水域,分布面积约为26 hm²,推测水网藻可能是由上游稻田等静止水体迁移至鄱阳湖,在相对静水区进行聚集生长,加上合适的理化条件(温度及营养盐),从而形成水华.在此基础上,本文进一步分析了水网藻水华对鄱阳湖水生态环境可能产生的影响.     

Inundation and flow properties of a runoff-generated debris flow following successive high-severity wildfires in northern Arizona,USA

Burned slopes are susceptible to runoff-generated debris flows in the years following wildfire due to reductions in vegetation cover and soil infiltration capacity. Debris flows can pose serious threats to downstream communities, so quantifying variations in flow properties along debris-flow runout paths is needed to improve both conceptual and quantitative models of debris-flow behaviour to help anticipate and mitigate the risk associated with these events. Changes in flow properties along the runout paths of the runoff-generated debris flows that follow fire may be particularly dramatic, since they initiate when a water-dominated flow rapidly entrains sediment and later transition back to a water-dominated flow once they reach greater drainage areas and lower slopes. Here, we study the properties of a debris flow that initiated 1 month following the 2022 Pipeline Fire in northern Arizona, USA. We categorized flow type into two classes, granular debris flow and muddy debris flow, along the 7-km runout path and examined how flow properties varied between the phases. Changes in channel gradient and confinement likely facilitated the transition between the flow phases, which were characterized by significant differences in maximum clast size, but similar clay content and fine fractions. We also found that the volume and runout distance of the debris flow were 28 and six times greater, respectively, than that of a debris flow that initiated in the same watershed following a fire 12 years earlier. We attribute these differences to the combined effects of two high-severity fires, suggesting that consideration of recent fire history could improve post-fire debris-flow hazard assessments. Results of this study provide quantitative constraints on changes in post-fire debris-flow properties along a runout path. Data collected in this study add to a small number of debris-flow inundation datasets that can be used to test runout models in post-fire settings.     

Application of open tools and datasets to probabilistic modeling of road traffic disruptions due to earthquake damage

The disruption of a transportation network can have a high social and economic impact on the welfare of a society, as it can significantly affect the daily routines of a community. Although many studies have focused on the estimation of physical risk in the components that compose these networks, only a limited number have analyzed their interconnections and impact in the traffic flow. The present study analyzes how earthquake damage can disrupt the road network in an urban environment, and how this will influence the ability of the population to travel. Traffic due to daily commutes is modeled for different layouts of the network, corresponding to possible disruptions caused by earthquake damage. The duration and length of each trip were calculated both for the undamaged network conditions and for the disrupted network. The increase in the median duration and length of each trip allows estimating the economic loss for each event due to drivers' delay. By combining the probability of a specific road being blocked with its number of users, the average number of affected vehicles was estimated, and the most critical segments identified. The methodology was applied to a case study concerning the road network of the area around the Italian city of Messina in Sicily. The results were calculated for both a repetition of the well-known historical event of 1908 and a set of simulated earthquakes consistent with the national probabilistic seismic hazard model of Italy.     

河南省泥石流危险度分区

在分析历史资料和防治现状的基础上引入城市重要性作为判别准则之一,以18个地级市为研究对象利用层次分析法对河南省泥石流危险度分区。依据泥石流危险度权重的不同将河南省分为5个区间,其中危险度大的城市1个,危险度中等的城市3个,危险度小的城市6个,危险度极小城市2个,无危险度城市6个。以期为河南省泥石流灾害的防治提供有益的参考。     

基于弯道超高计算泥石流流速的探讨

泥石流流速是难以实测和准确推算的重要参数。在分析既有各类弯道超高计算公式的基础上,探讨适用于各类泥石流的弯道超高计算模式,进而改进基于弯道超高的粘性泥石流、稀性泥石流和泥流的流速计算公式,用实例加以验证。     

陆相湖盆深水砂质碎屑流成因机制与分布特征——以鄂尔多斯盆地为例

国外深水沉积发展了50年,从浊流定义的普遍应用,到今天对鲍马序列、约克扇等经典模式持否定态度,深水沉积研究经历了一个推陈出新的过程。目前国外流行的砂质碎屑流理论是经典浊流理论的部分否定与新发展。本研究阐述国外砂质碎屑流的概念、实验、鉴别特征、沉积模式等最新认识,以运用砂质碎屑流理论解释鄂尔多斯盆地湖盆中部厚砂岩的成因机制为例,揭示我国陆相湖盆中心坡折带砂体分布特征与形成机制,为开拓陆相勘探领域提供理论支撑。     

泥石流的结构两相流模型：I.理论

泥石流的运动既有类似于固液两相流之处,又在很程度上不同于固液两相流。在泥石流滨汉体模型,膨胀体模型,粘塑体模型及颗粒流模型研究的基础上,本文提出了一种新的模型－泥石流的“结构两相流模型”这种模具有以往各类模型的优点,同时又便于对不同类型的泥石流进行描述,在理论上,它比现行各类模型更加严密,在应用上,它较现行各类模式更加方便,能够适用于更加广泛的各类条件,泥石流的结构两相流模型中将现行模型的作为特例     

大型海藻孔石莼抑制浮游微藻生长的原因初探--种群密度及磷浓度的作用

本文以磷浓度和种群密度为变量 ,以亚心形扁藻为浮游微藻代表 ,采用实验生态学手段研究了大型海藻孔石莼与浮游微藻 (亚心形扁藻 )间的竞争。结果显示 ,不论营养盐浓度如何 ,高密度的孔石莼皆能显著抑制浮游微藻的生长。分析显示 ,高密度的孔石莼压制浮游微藻生长的原因 ,不是由于对氮、磷等营养盐的竞争所致 ,而可能是其他原因所致。     

川西高原鲜水河断裂带炉霍-道孚段泥石流分布特征

鲜水河断裂带炉霍-道孚段泥石流沿断裂带呈线性分布,以中高频泥石流为主,过渡型、稀性居多.断裂带内岩体破碎,次级构造发育且活动性强烈使主河床呈阶梯状,为泥石流灾害发育提供了势能转化、物质补给与水力运输条件.研究区泥石流沟(Ksn约140 m0.9)分布在主河陡峭指数高处(Ksn约66 m0.9),且中下游泥石流沟与其入汇...