泥石流颗粒组成的分形特征

1 IntroductionD ebris flow s in certain sense are a process of m ass interchanges through erosion and depositionbetw een the fluid and the sedim ent; and the interchange of m aterial caused change in thestructure of the flow s that can be ultim ately redu…     

泥石流警报技术探索

泥石流警报是减轻泥石流灾害,尤其是减少人员伤亡和贵重财物损失的重要手段.泥石流警报划分为4个类型:提示性警报、形成性警报、非成灾性警报和成灾性警报.泥石流警报的监测机构,划分为4个级别:泥石流预警一级监测站、二级监测站、三级监测站和预警简易监测点.泥石流预警一级监测站主要承担泥石流可能造成的特大灾和超特大灾的警报监测任务,二级监测站主要承担泥石流可能造成的大灾的警报监测任务,三级监测站主要承担泥石流可能造成的中灾的警报监测任务,泥石流预警简易监测点主要承担泥石流可能造成的小灾的警报监测任务.泥石流警报的监测项目:专业监测包括降水、气象其他要素、泥石流次声、地声、泥位、流速、重度、粘度、沟道冲淤变化和次生灾害等,简易监测包括泥石流暴发的前兆现象、降水、水(泥)位与泥沙变化状态和泥石流次声等.泥石流警报的监测数据包括降水、气象其他要素、泥位、流速、重度、粘度、次声、地声、沟道冲淤变化和次生灾害数据等.泥石流成灾性警报分为4等14级,讨论并给出了各等级成灾性警报的临界指标.监测数据的整理分析包括:降水监测的实时降水量要不断地整理为10 min、1 h和1 d的滑动降水量(强度),并不断地与当地以往暴发泥石流的10 min、1 h和1 d降水量(强度)相比较;断面监测数据中的泥石流泥位应转化为泥石流流动的断面面积,并与断面监测数据中的泥石流流速数据结合,通过公式Qc=Wc×Vc转换为泥石流流量.泥石流一旦堵断主河(沟)形成堰塞湖,应立即测量壅塞体的高度,并据此量测和计算堰塞湖的淹设范围及堰塞湖的积蓄水量,评估壅塞体溃决时可能形成的最大流量及其危害范围.泥石流警报的时间提前量t(单位:s),由公式t=L/Vc确定.     

泥石流监测预警站的组建

泥石流监测预警站利用的是泥石流预警报系统,以便对泥石流进行监测后,作出泥石流预警报。泥石流预警报系统由三个子系统组成,这就是:1.暴雨类泥石流预报子系统;2.泥石流地声报警子系统;3.泥石流规模报警子系统。三个子系统分别用在泥石流监测预警站所属的雨量、地声、泥位三类泥石流监测点上。泥石流预警报系统由中国科学院东川泥石流观测研究站在蒋家沟研制而成,1985年底通过鉴定,获1986年度中国科学院科学技术进步三等奖。     

埃尔塔宁小行星质量的下限估计

埃尔塔宁小行星是一颗２１５ 万年前在南太平洋撞击地球的小行星,它也是目前唯一的深海区与地球碰撞的小行星。根据埃尔塔宁号和Ｐｏｌａｒｓｔｅｒｎ 号海洋调查船在陨击海区勘查的小行星残骸分布密度,我们估计埃尔塔宁小行星质量为２ ．３ ×１０１３ｇ ,对应于它的直径为０ ．２３ 公里。这比Ｋｙｔｅ 等人（１９８８） 估计的质量小了１０ 倍,然而它更接近埃尔塔宁小行星撞击事件的实际情况,可以作为埃尔塔宁小行星质量下限和半径下限更合理的估计值。     

A COMPARISON OF EASTERN AND WESTERN HONG KONG PHYTOPLANKTON FROM WEEKLY SAMPLES (1997-1999)

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The distribution of chlorophyll a and its influencing factors in different regions of the Bering Sea

The distribution of chlorophyll a(Chl a) and its relationships with physical and chemical parameters in different regions of the Bering Sea were discussed in July 2010. The results showed the seawater column Chl a concentrations were 13.41–553.89 mg/m2 and the average value was 118.15 mg/m2 in the study areas. The horizontal distribution of Chl a varied remarkably from basin to shelf in the Bering Sea. The regional order of Chl a concentrations from low to high was basin, slope, outer shelf, inner shelf, and middle shelf. The vertical distribution of Chl a was grouped mainly from single-peak type in basin, slope, outer shelf, and middle shelf, where the deep Chl a maxima(DCM) layer was observed at 25–50 m, 30–35 m, 36–44 m, and 37–47 m, respectively. The vertical distribution of Chl a mainly had three basic patterns: standard single-peak type, surface maximum type, and bottom maximum type in the inner shelf. The analysis also showed that the transportation of ocean currents may control the distribution of Chl a, and the effects were not simple in the basin of the Bering Sea. There was a positive correlation between Chl a and temperature, but no significant correlation between Chl a and nutrients. The Bering Sea slope was an area deeply influenced by slope current. Silicate was the factor that controlled the distribution of Chl a within parts of the water in the slope. Light intensity was an important environmental factor in controlling seawater column Chl a in the shelf, where Chl a was limited by nitrate rather than phosphate within the upper water. Meanwhile, there was a positive relationship between Chl a and salinity. Algal blooms broke out at Sta. B6 of the southwestern St. Lawrence Island and Stas F6 and F11 in the middle of the Bering Strait.     

Physical and Human Factors Influencing Potential Fish Habitat Distribution along a Mountain River, France

Potential fish habitat along the Drôme River, France, is a function of the distribution of large woody debris, boulders, undercut banks, gravel substrate, and pools. The distribution of these features is, in turn, a function of channel geomorphology, watershed and riparian forest characteristics. We conducted field work and analysed aerial photographs for 190 elementary segments of 500 m length along the Drôme River's 95 km course from the Alps westward to its confluence with the Rhône River near Loriol. The Drôme River does not follow the classic pattern of a monotone downstream decrease in gradient and change in channel characteristics. Although channel gradient, braided index and channel incision all decrease downstream, stream power is independent of longitudinal distance. These variables are largely controlled by geomorphic, human or hydrologic factors at the reach scale. Potential fish habitat richness decreases downstream, but individual habitat variables affecting habitat richness do not necessarily decrease downstream, many being controlled by local factors rather than by position along the continuum. Large woody debris is more abundant in braided reaches located directly downstream of confluences with main tributaries or downstream input sites. Boulders are most abundant downstream of failed bank protection works or in gorges. To improve fish habitat in the Drôme River, we recommend taking a long-term and large-scale perspective. Because structures placed in this unstable channel are likely to be washed downstream, we propose to emulate natural river dynamics and to permit large woody debris to enter the channel in unstable reaches via bank erosion, and that this debris not be removed (as is routinely done now) but permitted to migrate downstream through the system, creating fish habitat en route.     

山东高唐EF3级龙卷S波段双偏振雷达探测特征

利用济南CINRAD/SA-D双偏振天气雷达的探测数据,结合龙卷实地调查资料,对2021年7月11日发生在山东聊城高唐的一次EF3级龙卷风暴的雷达回波演变过程、龙卷风暴单体的结构及龙卷风暴的中气旋(M)、龙卷涡旋特征(TVS)和龙卷碎片特征(TDS)进行分析。结果表明:(1)龙卷发生在高空冷涡及地面气旋共同作用天气形势下,龙卷位于地面气旋中心东偏北方向约200 km处;螺旋状对流云带中2个较强对流单体合并发展,演变成超级单体风暴,其后部下沉气流较强,与强的入流共同作用,诱发了强龙卷。(2)风暴中中气旋的顶高大多在5~7 km之间;龙卷发生前中气旋最大切变平均值为19×10^(-3)s^(-1),龙卷维持期间,中气旋最大切变平均值达到51×10^(-3)s^(-1)。(3)高唐龙卷涡旋底层双偏振参量主要特征是大的水平极化反射率因子,小的甚至负的差分反射率ZDR,小的相关系数CC;TDS时间及空间特征是,底层CC都小于0.7,CC低值区的面积在龙卷生成后随时间明显增大,CC值底层最小,随高度逐渐增大;CC低值区的面积低层和顶层较大,中间层较小;龙卷生成后TDS最大高度随时间逐渐增高,龙卷最强时TDS最高达到4.8 km,之后逐渐降低;龙卷消散后,1.5°以上TDS的特征很快消失,0.5°仰角TDS特征继续维持了大约11 min。     

Empirical predictors of annual bed load travel distance,and implications for salmonid habitat restoration and protection

Measurements of annual travel distance (L_b) of bed load sediment at 16 locations in Alaska, the intermountain USA, west coast USA and Scotland are strongly correlated with bankfull channel width (r² = 0·86, p < 0·001). Travel distance of particles is probably limited by trapping in bars, which have a longitudinal spacing proportional to channel width. Increased abundance of woody debris reduces bar spacing and may reduce L_b. Longer cumulative duration of bed load transporting flows in a year appears to increase L_b. Other predictors of annual travel distance such as stream power per unit length, drainage area and bankfull discharge were less well correlated with L_b (r² ranging from 0·27 to 0·51). Stream power per unit bed area, basal shear stress and slope were not significantly related to L_b (r² < 0·05). Most correlations were improved when regressions were limited to data from the west coast USA. Travel distance estimates can be used to help identify reaches that may take longer to recover from large, short‐term increases in sediment supply. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

细弱红翎菜(Solieria tenuis)的物种鉴定及其在青岛市琅琊台湾海域的生长调查研究

2021年7月末至10月初,位于黄海沿岸的青岛市西海岸新区琅琊台湾贡口拦海坝处出现大量悬浮生长的大型红藻。为明确该类群的分类地位,探究其生物学特征,对该处红藻群体展开了实地调研,并采集相关样本开展了形态鉴定和分子系统发育分析。该群体主要由一种红藻组成,藻体紫红色、圆柱形,质软多肉,高度可达20cm,不规则互生分枝,分枝基部强烈缢缩、顶端尖细;藻体主轴横截面观可见较小的含色素外皮层细胞以及较大的近圆形假薄壁细胞和分布在髓层中央的散乱、疏松的丝状细胞。结合分子标记rbc L和cox I基因的系统发育分析结果,该物种被鉴定为细弱红翎菜(Solieria tenuis Zhang et Xia)。与历史研究记录不同,贡口拦海坝处的细弱红翎菜群体缺乏固着器和繁殖结构,悬浮性营养生长,所在海域丰富的氮磷营养可能为其快速生长提供了物质基础,在生长高峰期该群体总生物量约6 t (干重),是一次局部区域性小规模“藻华”。细弱红翎菜的悬浮生态型和暴发性增殖现象表明该物种可能具有较强的环境适应性,其生理特征和潜在的生态风险需进一步关注。