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41.
M. Kern T. Preimesberger M. Allesch R. Pail J. Bouman R. Koop 《Journal of Geodesy》2005,78(9):509-519
The satellite missions CHAMP, GRACE, and GOCE mark the beginning of a new era in gravity field determination and modeling. They provide unique models of the global stationary gravity field and its variation in time. Due to inevitable measurement errors, sophisticated pre-processing steps have to be applied before further use of the satellite measurements. In the framework of the GOCE mission, this includes outlier detection, absolute calibration and validation of the SGG (satellite gravity gradiometry) measurements, and removal of temporal effects. In general, outliers are defined as observations that appear to be inconsistent with the remainder of the data set. One goal is to evaluate the effect of additive, innovative and bulk outliers on the estimates of the spherical harmonic coefficients. It can be shown that even a small number of undetected outliers (<0.2 of all data points) can have an adverse effect on the coefficient estimates. Consequently, concepts for the identification and removal of outliers have to be developed. Novel outlier detection algorithms are derived and statistical methods are presented that may be used for this purpose. The methods aim at high outlier identification rates as well as small failure rates. A combined algorithm, based on wavelets and a statistical method, shows best performance with an identification rate of about 99%. To further reduce the influence of undetected outliers, an outlier detection algorithm is implemented inside the gravity field solver (the Quick-Look Gravity Field Analysis tool was used). This results in spherical harmonic coefficient estimates that are of similar quality to those obtained without outliers in the input data. 相似文献
42.
MODIS数据在乌鲁木齐地区植被景观动态监测中的应用 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
根据EOS/MODIS卫星时次高覆盖面广的特征,选取从4.10月的MODIS晴空资料,对整个乌鲁木齐地区植被景观进行动态监测,利用植被指数最大合成法制作了每月植被指数专题图。为了能够结合物候更好地分析乌鲁木齐地区植被随季节变化趋势以及不同时期植被生长状况,我们还制作了植被景观专题图及其变化评价图。评价图的优势在于能直观地反映植被变化的趋势,并能将变化的程度数字化,还可以根据不同的评价图叠加DEM做相应的分析。为乌鲁木齐地区植被变化研究提供有效的依据。 相似文献
43.
安徽凤阳和张八岭地区含金石英脉的40Ar/39Ar年龄及其地质意义 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
用快中子活化法测定了安徽凤阳和张八岭地区朱顶、毛山和上成3个金矿床第一阶段晚期和第二阶段的含金石英脉,石英的阶段加热40Ar/39Ar坪年龄值域为(116.1±0.6~118.3±0.5)Ma,分别与其最小视年龄和等时线年龄接近.坪年龄、最小视年龄和等时线年龄3种年龄值域为(113.4±0.4~118.3±0.5)Ma,可以作为石英的形成年龄域. 根据含金石英脉和围岩的空间关系,该年龄值域作为石英脉金矿的形成年龄是合理可靠的.金矿床形成于早白垩世阿普特期,与此时郯庐断裂带略带右行走滑正断层活动一致. 相似文献
44.
Identifying and quantifying urban recharge: a review 总被引:12,自引:1,他引:12
David N. Lerner 《Hydrogeology Journal》2002,10(1):143-152
The sources of and pathways for groundwater recharge in urban areas are more numerous and complex than in rural environments.
Buildings, roads, and other surface infrastructure combine with man-made drainage networks to change the pathways for precipitation.
Some direct recharge is lost, but additional recharge can occur from storm drainage systems. Large amounts of water are imported
into most cities for supply, distributed through underground pipes, and collected again in sewers or septic tanks. The leaks
from these pipe networks often provide substantial recharge. Sources of recharge in urban areas are identified through piezometry,
chemical signatures, and water balances. All three approaches have problems. Recharge is quantified either by individual components
(direct recharge, water-mains leakage, septic tanks, etc.) or holistically. Working with individual components requires large
amounts of data, much of which is uncertain and is likely to lead to large uncertainties in the final result. Recommended
holistic approaches include the use of groundwater modelling and solute balances, where various types of data are integrated.
Urban recharge remains an under-researched topic, with few high-quality case studies reported in the literature.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
45.
I. E. Paukov N. K. Moroz Yu. A. Kovalevskaya I. A. Belitsky 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2002,29(4):300-306
The heat capacity of paranatrolite and tetranatrolite with a disordered distribution of Al and Si atoms has been measured
in the temperature range of 6–309 K using the adiabatic calorimetry technique. The composition of the samples is represented
with the formula (Na1.90K0.22Ca0.06)[Al2.24Si2.76O10]·nH2O, where n=3.10 for paranatrolite and n=2.31 for tetranatrolite. For both zeolites, thermodynamic functions (vibrational entropy, enthalpy, and free energy function)
have been calculated. At T=298.15 K, the values of the heat capacity and entropy are 425.1 ± 0.8 and 419.1 ±0.8 J K−1 mol−1 for paranatrolite and 381.0 ± 0.7 and 383.2 ± 0.7 J K−1 mol−1 for tetranatrolite.
Thermodynamic functions for tetranatrolite and paranatrolite with compositions corrected for the amount of extraframework
cations and water molecules have also been calculated. The calculation for tetranatrolite with two water molecules and two
extraframework cations per formula yields: C
p
(298.15)=359.1 J K−1 mol−1, S(298.15) −S(0)=362.8 J K−1 mol−1. Comparing these values with the literature data for the (Al,Si)-ordered natrolite, we can conclude that the order in tetrahedral
atoms does not affect the heat capacity. The analysis of derivatives dC/dT for natrolite, paranatrolite, and tetranatrolite has indicated that the water- cations subsystem within the highly hydrated
zeolite may become unstable at temperatures above 200 K.
Received: 30 July 2001 / Accepted: 15 November 2001 相似文献
46.
47.
Antonio Longinelli Paola IacuminMichele Ramigni 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2002,203(1):445-459
Belemnite guards of Cretaceous and Jurassic age were found to contain varying amounts of quartz deposited both on the external surface and inside the rostrum. The oxygen isotopic composition of coexisting carbonate, quartz and phosphate from the same rostrum was measured according to well-established techniques. None of these compounds showed isotopic values in equilibrium with one another. Assuming δ18O values of the diagenetic water within the range of meteoric waters, the δ18O(SiO2) yield temperatures in agreement with the apparent secondary origin of this phase. The δ18O(CO32−) range, with a certain continuity, between −10.8 and +0.97 PDB-1 with most of the intermediate values being within the range of the carbonate isotopic values of Mesozoic fossils. The most positive isotopic results obtained from phosphate are close to +23/+24‰ (V-SMOW). They can hardly be related to a secondary origin of the phosphate, or to the presence of diagenetic effects, since these results are among the most positive ever measured on phosphate. As far as we know there is no widespread diagenetic process determining an 18O enrichment of phosphate. The very low concentration of phosphate did not allow the determination of its mineralogical composition. All the available δ18O(PO43−) values from belemnite and non-belemnite fossils of marine origin of Tertiary and Mesozoic age are reported along with the newly measured belemnites. The following conclusions may be drawn from the data reported: (1) the pristine oxygen isotope composition of fossil marine organisms (either carbonate or phosphate) may easily undergo fairly large changes because of oxygen isotope exchange processes with diagenetic water; this process is apparent even in the case of geologically recent fossils; (2) the δ18O(PO43−) of belemnite rostra seems to be, at least in the case of the most positive results, in isotopic equilibrium with environmental water because of the similarity between the results from Cretaceous belemnites and the results from Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary pelecypods and fish teeth; 3) if so, the only feasible interpretation that can be suggested for the 18O enriched data is the possibility of a relatively large variation of the oxygen isotopic composition of ocean paleowater from Jurassic to recent time. 相似文献
48.
JIANG Guorong ZHANG Ren SHA Wenyu YAN Junyue YAO Huadong 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2002,16(1):123-132
In the context of tower measured radiation datasets.following the correction principle meeting a diagnostic equation in data quality control and in terms of a technique for model construction on data and ANN (artificial neural network) retrieval for BP correction of radiation measurements with rough errors available,a BP model is presented.Evidence suggests that the developed model works well and is superior to a convenient multivariate linear regression model,indicating its wide applications. 相似文献
49.
50.
A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different crop sequences on water use, growth and yield of green gram (Vigna radiata (L) Wilezek) during 1992-93 and 1993-94 under rainfed upland condition in Indo-Gangetic plains of West Bengal. Green gram sown in the month of March as pre-rainy (summer) season crop, as and when the winter crops vacated the land, produced highest dry matter of 372 gm-2 which was significantly highest in black gram-yellow sarson sequence.The results of the field experimentation revealed that green gram gave highest grain yield to the extent of 10.80 q/ha when sown after black gram (rainy season) followed by yellow sarson (winter season) while the crop produced 10.63 q/ha under sesame-yellow sarson sequence. Highest water use of 267mm was achieved in green gram under black gram-yellow sarson sequence and the crop gave water use efficiency of 4.07 kg ha-1mm-1 under black gram-yellow sarson sequences. 相似文献