二苯基氧磷新衍生物铀酰离子化学传感器研究

以三种新的二苯基氧膦衍生物为载体 ,制成PVC膜化学传感器 ,研究了PVC膜对UO2 2 的电位响应特性。在pH 3 .0的0 .1mol/Ltris缓冲液中 ,以BDPPM为载体 ,考察DOP为增塑剂的电极对UO2 2 的电位响应 ,线性范围为 3 .2× 10 - 6 ～ 3.0× 10 - 2mol/L ,响应斜率为 2 9± 0 .6mV/dec,响应时间t90 % 小于 3.3min。     

D/H and O/O ratios of water in the crater lake at Kusatsu-Shirane volcano, Japan

The D/H and ¹⁸O/¹⁶O ratios of water in the active crater lake situated on the Kusatsu-Shirane volcano, Japan are about 20 and 6‰, respectively, higher than local meteoric water. The ratios show seasonal variations superimposed on a gradual change over nine years. The isotopic ratios started to increase in early 1990 and decrease in the spring of 1995. The seasonal variation which is high in winter and low in summer correlates with the temperature difference between lake water and ambient air. The large temperature difference in winter enhances the evaporation of lake water and produces the enriched isotopic ratios relative to the ratios in summer. The accumulation of snow and the decrease in the flux of meteoric water into the lake strengthens the winter-time isotopic enrichment. The enriched isotopic ratios of the lake water over a long time result from the addition of an end member with heavy isotopic ratios contained in a thermal fluid supplied to the lake. Considering the water balance in the lake, the isotopic ratios of the thermal fluid were found to be close to the lake water itself, suggesting the circulation of the lake water seeping through lake floor. Based on the correlation between Cl⁻concentration and the isotopic ratios, the contribution by the heavy end member was estimated to be 25–36% relative to the enrichment by evaporation. The heavy end member could be a liquid phase evolved from a parental fluid, which is a mixture of local meteoric water and a magmatic fluid as found in high-temperature volcanic gases.     

Non-sea-salt sulfate in the marine boundary layer and its possible impact on chloride depletion

1Introduction Sulfurisoneofthemostimportantelements whosebiogeochemicalcyclesarepivotaltotheatmo- sphericenvironmentandtotheclimaticchanges.The predominant,stablechemicalspeciesofsulfurinthe atmosphereissulfuricacidorsulfatewhichunderor- dinaryconditionsexistsmainlyinsmallaerosolparti- cles(Chinetal.,1996;Kerminenetal.,2000;Restadet al.,1998).Sulfuricacidorsulfate-dominatedaerosols areubiquitousintheloweratmosphere.Inthemarine boundarylayer(MBL),non-sea-saltsulfuricacidorsulfate(nss-SO42-)…     

Hydrological flow paths controlling stream chemistry in Japanese forested watersheds

Water sources and flow paths contributing to stream chemistry were evaluated in four Japanese forested watersheds with steep topography (slopes ≥30°). Stream chemistry during periods without rainfall and during events with less than 100 mm of precipitation was similar to seepage water chemistry, but markedly different from that of soil water which had higher concentrations of NO⁻₃ and Ca²⁺ and lower concentrations of Na⁺ and HCO⁻₃. Also, stream Cl⁻ concentrations in a Cl⁻‐treated watershed did not increase either during events with less than 100 mm of total rainfall or at baseflow conditions, even three years after the Cl⁻ treatment. These results suggest that groundwater within bedrock fissures of Paleozoic strata had a long residence time and was a major contributor to steam water under baseflow conditions and even during small precipitation events (≤100 mm). In contrast, for large precipitation events (≥100 mm), stream chemistry became more similar to soil water chemistry, especially within the steepest watershed. Also, for large precipitation events, stream Cl⁻ concentrations in the Cl⁻‐treated watershed increased markedly. These results suggest that soil water was a major contributor to stream waters only during these large events. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Tracer and hydrometric study of preferential flow in large undisturbed soil cores from the Georgia Piedmont,USA

We studied the temporal patterns of tracer throughput in the outflow of large (30 cm diameter by 38 cm long) undisturbed cores from the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Georgia. Tracer breakthrough was affected by soil structure and rainfall intensity. Two rainfall intensities (20 and 40 mm hr⁻¹) for separate Cl⁻ and Br⁻ amended solutions were applied to two cores (one extracted from a hillslope soil and one extracted from a residual clay soil on the ridge). For both low and high rainfall intensity experiments, preferential flow occurred in the clay core, but not in the hillslope core. The preferential flow is attributed to well‐developed interpedal macrochannels that are commonly found in structured clay soils, characteristic of the ridge site. However, each rainfall intensity exceeded the matrix infiltration capacity at the top of the hillslope core, but did not exceed the matrix infiltration capacity at the middle and bottom of the hillslope core and at all levels in the clay core. Localized zones of saturation created when rainfall intensity exceeds the matrix infiltration capacity may cause water and tracer to overflow from the matrix into macrochannels, where preferential flow occurs to depth in otherwise unsaturated soil. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

某化工厂区地下水氯化物运移研究

在调查掌握某化工厂区地下水氯化物指标的基础上,得出了该化工厂区地下水中氯化物为污染指标。查明了该化工厂区水文地质条件,建立了该区水文地质概念模型,采用模型计算方法,预测了该化工厂区地下水流场的变化,对工厂企业采取治理措施后的地下水中氯化物浓度进行了分析与预测,对治理措施的有效性进行了评价。结果表明:模型计算结果能够反映该区地下水中氯化物的变化规律,在工厂企业采取污染防治措施之后,该区内地下水中氯化物浓度大幅下降,计算结果与实际监测结果相符,模型可预测该化工厂区地下水氯化物发展趋势,对该化工厂区地下水污染防治具有重要的实际意义。     

尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis nilotica Linn)幼鱼渗透压调节的初步研究

作者提出了放置于水温为19～20℃及30℃,盐度为0,16‰和30‰的各水体中尼罗罗非鱼渗透压调节的时间过程。研究揭示出尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼具有极其灵活的渗透压调节能力力:当水体由于盐度的改变,其冰点下降值Δ°改变114～121.4％时,幼鱼在收容五天后,血液渗透压重新达到平衡,冰点下降值Δ°只增加1.6～4.7％,当水体的Δ°改变292～307.2％,幼鱼血液渗透压的Δ°值只增加4.7～6.2％。作者认为,该幼鱼渗透压的调节过程分为三个阶段,一、失控期,Δ°值迅速增加 二,调节期,Δ°缓慢地随收容时间继续增加,直达到最大值,并开始下降;三、趋平期,幼鱼血液的Δ°值下降并达到平衡位置。尼罗罗非鱼渗透压调节的具体时间过程及特点取决于其内外渗透浓度变化的梯度(从淡水到海水或半海水)以及水温、饵料条件。     

海洋环境钢筋混凝土结构耐久性监测和检测对比研究

海洋环境下,码头等港口基础设施混凝土结构因受氯离子侵蚀而面临严峻的耐久性问题。目前对结构物的耐久性诊断主要通过定期人工检测的方式。随着传感器及通讯技术的发展,以监测手段为主的耐久性诊断得到越来越多的应用。监测、检测方法原理上的差别导致了基于两类数据实施的状态评估和寿命预测方法的不同。依托某高桩码头工程建立的耐久性监测系统,对阳极梯监测数据进行分析,并利用检测手段开展数据对比研究。已有监测数据显示,大部分监测点氯离子未渗透到传感器,码头状态良好。基于部分已出现腐蚀特征的传感器的监测数据计算得到构件寿命为58 a。进一步的实体结构氯离子浓度检测分析结果表明,氯离子渗透情况与阳极梯监测数据具有一致性。基于检测计算的构件寿命为63 a,监测数据计算的寿命较检测数据计算的寿命更短。