海洋混凝土结构表面自由氯离子含量时变规律及对其寿命影响

表面氯离子含量(C_s)是研究海洋环境条件下混凝土结构耐久性和服役寿命的氯离子扩散方程的边界条件,是海洋混凝土结构耐久性分析和定量设计的重要参数。依据国内外大量自然暴露试验与工程实测数据,通过采用Excel、Origin等数据分析软件进行数据统计和回归分析,确定了海洋混凝土结构表面自由氯离子含量(C_(sf))与表面总氯离子含量(C_(st))之间的相互关系,探讨了海洋混凝土结构的C_(sf)时变规律,建立了C_(sf)与暴露时间之间的关系表达式及其取值范围,并运用可靠度理论和修正氯离子扩散理论分析了C_(sf)时变性对海洋混凝土结构寿命的影响。结果表明:C_(sf)与C_(st)线性相关,且C_(sf)随着暴露时间的延长呈指数或者幂函数的增长关系;采用不同的C_(sf)时变性规律,对海洋混凝土结构寿命具有重大的影响。     

Influence of Reinforcement Mesh Configuration for Improvement of Concrete Durability

Steel bar in concrete structures under harsh environmental conditions, such as chlorine corrosion, seriously affects its service life. Bidirectional electromigration rehabilitation (BIEM) is a new method of repair technology for reinforced concrete structures in such chloride corrosion environments. By applying the BIEM, chloride ions can be removed from the concrete and the migrating corrosion inhibit can be moved to the steel surface. In conventional engineering, the concrete structure is often configured with a multi-layer steel mesh. However, the effect of the BIEM in such structures has not yet been investigated. In this paper, the relevant simulation test is carried out to study the migration law of chloride ions and the migrating corrosion inhibitor in a concrete specimen with complex steel mesh under different energizing modes. The results show that the efficiency of the BIEM increases 50% in both the monolayer steel mesh and the double-layer steel mesh. By using the single-sided BIEM, 87% of the chloride ions are removed from the steel surface. The different step modes can affect the chloride ion removal. The chloride ions within the range of the reinforcement protective cover are easier to be removed than those in the concrete between the two layers of steel mesh. However, the amount of migrating corrosion inhibitor is larger in the latter circumstances.     

Groundwater recharge estimation using chloride,stable isotopes and tritium profiles in the sands of northwestern Senegal

A study of environmental chloride, deuterium, oxygen-18, and tritium in deep sand profiles (35 m) has been carried out in order to estimate their relative value for measuring average groundwater recharge. The investigation was located at a 0.1-km² site in Quaternary sands near the northwestern coast of Senegal in a zone of rainfed agriculture. By using a steady-state model for duplicate unsaturated zone chloride profiles, the long-term average recharge at the site was estimated to be 30 mm yr^–1 or around 10% of the average precipitation (290 mm). The chloride concentration of adjacent shallow groundwater was relatively uniform and comparable to the unsaturated zone average, while the spatial variability in the depth distribution of Cl^– in the unsaturated zone was considerable. Stable isotope (deuterium and oxygen-18) data show that there is some isotopic enrichment due to direct evaporation through the soil surface. The degree of heavy isotope enrichment is proportional to the extent of evaporative loss and there is good correspondance with the chloride enrichment. Nevertheless, stable isotopes cannot be used quantitatively to estimate the recharge. The excellent preservation of the peak in thermonuclear tritium in precipitation in the unsaturated zone at depths between 12 and 20 m enables an estimated annual recharge of 24 mm yr^–1 in this area to be calculated, using the piston flow model. Agreement therefore between Cl and³H as tools for recharge measurement is reasonable over the site.     

Hydrogeologic Behavior of an Alluvial Aquifer,Salta Province,Argentina: Simulations of Hydraulic Conductivity Field,Groundwater Flow,and Chloride Migration

This work was designed to analyze the hydrogeological behavior of an alluvial aquifer in the River Mojotoro basin site in the Province of Salta, Argentina. The study area presents coarse-grained sediments with high infiltration capacity. The hydraulic conductivity field is affected by the physical heterogeneity of the medium and a geostatistical method, kriging, was used to construct this field from local measurements. The groundwater flow velocity field is computed using a hybrid mixed finite-element method and small variations in the flow directions were determined. Given the existence of a point source of chloride in the region under study, the spatial distribution of the generated plume in the saturated zone is analyzed. The advection-diffusion equation describing the transport of chloride in vertical and horizontal cross-sectional planes of the aquifer is discretized employing a method of characteristics combined with a mixed finite-element procedure, which provides an efficient method to eliminate spurious numerical oscillations and handle the convective term in the equation. The migration of chloride shows patterns, which are affected by the litologic heterogeneities of the aquifer and the regional groundwater flow.     

盐湖卤水直接提取氯化锂的研究概况

详细论述了世界各国从盐湖卤水中直接提取氯化锂技术研究的进展情况，并对我国发展盐湖卤水提取氯化锂的方向提出了好的建议。     

AGAGE Observations of Methyl Bromide and Methyl Chloride at Mace Head, Ireland, and Cape Grim, Tasmania, 1998–2001

In situ AGAGE GC-MS measurements of methyl bromide (CH₃Br) and methyl chloride (CH₃Cl) at Mace Head, Ireland and Cape Grim, Tasmania (1998–2001) reveal a complex pattern of sources. At Mace Head both gases have well-defined seasonal cycles with similar average annual decreases of 3.0% yr⁻¹ (CH₃Br) and 2.6% yr⁻¹ (CH₃Cl), and mean northern hemisphere baseline mole fractions of 10.37 ± 0.05 ppt and 535.7 ± 2.2 ppt, respectively. We have used a Lagrangian dispersion model and local meteorological data to segregate the Mace Head observations into different source regions, and interpret the results in terms of the known sources and sinks of these two key halocarbons. At Cape Grim CH₃Br and CH₃Cl also show annual decreases in their baseline mixing ratios of 2.5% yr⁻¹ and 1.5% yr⁻¹, respectively. Mean baseline mole fractions were 7.94 ± 0.03 ppt (CH₃Br) and 541.3 ± 1.1 ppt (CH₃Cl). Although CH₃Cl has astrong seasonal cycle there is no well-defined seasonal cycle in the Cape Grim CH₃Br record. The fact that both gases are steadily decreasing in the atmosphere at both locations implies that a change has occurred which is affecting a common, major source of both gases (possibly biomass burning) and/or their major sink process (destruction by hydroxyl radical).     

Detection and Evaluation of Gas Hydrates in the Eastern Nankai Trough by Geochemical and Geophysical Methods

Abstract: Interstitial waters extracted from the sediment cores from the exploration wells, “BH‐1” and “MITI Nankai Trough”, drilled ～60 km off Omaezaki Peninsula in the eastern Nankai Trough, were analyzed for the chloride and sulfate concentrations to examine the depth profiles and occurrence of subsurface gas hydrates. Cored intervals from the seafloor to 310 mbsf were divided into Unit 1 (～70 mbsf, predominated by mud), Unit 2 (70–150 mbsf, mud with thin ash beds), Unit 3 (150–250+ mbsf, mud with thin ash and sand), and Unit 4 (275–310 mbsf, predominated by mud). The baseline level for Cl “concentrations was 540 mM, whereas low chloride anomalies (103 to 223 mM) were identified at around 207 mbsf (zone A), 234–240 mbsf (zone B), and 258–265 mbsf (zone C) in Unit 3. Gas hydrate saturation (Sh %) of sediment pores was calculated to be 60 % (zone A) to 80 % (zones B and C) in sands whereas only a few percent in clay and silt. The total amount of gas hydrates in hydrate‐bearing sands was estimated to be 8 to 10 m³ of solid gas hydrate per m², or 1.48 km³ CH₄ per 1 km². High saturation zones (A, B and C) were consistent with anomaly zones recognized in sonic and resistivity logs. 2D and high‐resolution seismic studies revealed two BSRs in the study area. Strong BSRs (BSR‐1) at ～263 mbsf were correlated to the boundary between gas hydrate‐bearing sands (zone C) and the shallower low velocity zone, while the lower BSRs (BSR‐2) at～289 mbsf corresponded to the top of the deeper low velocity zone of the sonic log. Tectonic uplift of the study area is thought to have caused the upward migration of BGHS. That is, BSR‐1 corresponds to the new BGHS and BSR‐2 to the old BGHS. Relic gas hydrates and free gas may survive in the interval between BSR‐1 and BSR‐2, and below BSR‐2, respectively. Direct measurements of the formation temperature for the top 170 m interval yield a geothermal gradient of ～4.3d?C/ 100 m. Extrapolation of this gradient down to the base of gas hydrate stability yields a theoretical BGHS at～230 mbsf, surprisingly ～35 m shallower than the base of gas hydrate‐bearing sands (zone C) and BSR‐1. As with the double BSRs, another tectonic uplift may explain the BGHS at unreasonably shallow depths. Alternatively, linear extrapolation of the geothermal gradient down to the hydrate‐bearing zones may not be appropriate if the gradient changes below the depths that were measured. Recognition of double BSRs (263 and 289 mbsf) and probable new BGHS (～230 mbsf) in the exploration wells implies that the BGHS has gradually migrated upward. Tectonically induced processes are thought to have enhanced dense and massive accumulation of gas hydrate deposits through effective methane recycling and condensation. To test the hypothetical models for the accumulation of gas hydrates in Nankai accretionary prism, we strongly propose to measure the equilibrium temperatures for the entire depth range down to the free gas zone below predicted BGHS and to reconstruct the water depths and uplift history of hydrate‐bearing area.     

我国产出的铀酰砷酸盐矿物及其环境矿物学意义

对我国产出的铀酰砷酸盐矿物的矿物学特征、形成环境和环境矿物学意义进行了较系统的综合论述。铀酰砷酸盐矿物是主要产出于铀矿床氧化带中比较特征的黄绿色表生矿物，是寻找原生铀矿床(体)的重要矿物学标志，化学组成主要是[AsO4]^3-和[UO2]^2 ，其中As和U均是对环境造成极大危害的有毒或放射性有害元素。As、U的地球化学性质十分活跃，在不同的酸、碱和氧化还原介质环境中的分解、迁移能力均很强，在矿床氧化带中的分解、迁移扩散会对矿区周围及其下游地区造成较大范围的严重环境污染。而在弱酸性至中性介质条件下，[AsO4]^3-和[UO2]^2 结合并与各种金属阳离子化合可形成相对稳定的铀酰砷酸盐矿物，由此可在一定程度上减少U、AS的迁移扩散及其对环境的危害。     

Freshwater macroinvertebrate distribution in two basins with different salinity gradients (Guadalete and Guadaira river basins,south-western Spain)

This work reports the results of one year's sampling of aquatic macroinver-brates in various streams with different salinity gradients. The study area was the headwaters of the rivers Guadaíra and Guadalete, located in the same geographical area in south-western Spain. The most interesting feature of the Guadaíra basin is the natural salinity of its waters due to the abundance of gypsum in its headwaters. Lithologically, the headwaters of the Guadalete basin flow over marls, clay, sandstone and limestone. Salinity values in most streams do not reach 1 mS cm^–1. At least at the levels of salinity found in the Guadaíra basin headwaters, the existence of a well-structured community of macroinvertebrates can be claimed. Of the groups studied, Diptera and Coleoptera showed the highest species richness, being distributed preferentially at the ends of the conductivity spectrum. Groups including taxa inhabiting waters of low salinty and taxa inhabiting waters with high salinity could be reliable indicators of salinity.     

Column abundance and the long-term trend of hydrogen chloride (HCl) above the Jungfraujoch Station

The integrated column amount of hydrogen chloride has been monitored above the International Scientific Station of the Jungfraujoch (Switzerland) during the last 8 years. The results deduced from solar absorption measurements near 3.42 m indicate a secular trend equivalent to (0.75±0.2) % increase per year since 1978, superimposed on a significant short-term variability which can be partly attributed to the tropospheric component of the total HCl burden. Based on an intensified set of measurements carried out over the last three years, a seasonal component in the total content of HCl has been established for the first time, showing a minimum occuring in early winter and a maximum during the spring.