低水合氯化镁吸水过程的气相色谱热力学研究

利用迎头气相色谱分析、量热法、热重法、X -衍射法和化学分析相结合 ,对氯化镁水合物吸水和脱水过程进行了热力学研究。在不同温度下对MgCl2 ·4H2 O和MgCl2 ·2H2 O对水的吸附等温线所进行的数学模拟结果表明 ,Bolzmann函数是描述该等温线较为理想的方程。两种氯化镁水合物对水的吸附热分别为 -1 3 0 6kJ/mol和 -1 6 1 1kJ/mol。也给出了该吸附过程的吸附平衡常数。从所获得的数据来看 ,以部分脱水的氯化镁水合物为吸附剂来吸附水氯镁石脱水设备尾气中的水蒸气 ,从而使保护性气体HCl得以循环使用 ,从热力学角度而言存在这种可能性。     

光卤石分解制取氯化钾晶体粒度控制技术

讨论了1×106t钾肥生产线光卤石分解、氯化钾结晶的晶体粒度影响因素,给出了最佳工艺控制条件,使氯化钾的产品粒度70%0.2 mm,基本达到了设计要求,降低了湿产品的含水量,减少了干燥成本。     

黄河三角洲土壤氯离子空间变异特征及其控制因素

为了解黄河三角洲地区土壤盐渍化发生与发展的主要控制因素,通过采集土壤样品及潜水样,运用地统计学等方法,分析样品中优势离子Cl^-含量的空间分布特征及成因。结果表明:① 土壤Cl^-含量与潜水Cl^-质量浓度的空间分布表现出高度的相似性和相关性。② 潜水借助包气带自身的水势梯度或植物蒸腾作用向土壤输送水分,进而控制着土壤Cl^-的空间分布与变异。③ 地形地貌通过对水、气、热的再分配控制着包气带土层中Cl^-的迁移方向和富集区域。水文地质条件是对区域"饱和带-包气带"盐分迁移富集起决定作用的内部因素,而地形地貌条件是起控制作用的外部因素。     

AGAGE Observations of Methyl Bromide and Methyl Chloride at Mace Head, Ireland, and Cape Grim, Tasmania, 1998–2001

In situ AGAGE GC-MS measurements of methyl bromide (CH₃Br) and methyl chloride (CH₃Cl) at Mace Head, Ireland and Cape Grim, Tasmania (1998–2001) reveal a complex pattern of sources. At Mace Head both gases have well-defined seasonal cycles with similar average annual decreases of 3.0% yr⁻¹ (CH₃Br) and 2.6% yr⁻¹ (CH₃Cl), and mean northern hemisphere baseline mole fractions of 10.37 ± 0.05 ppt and 535.7 ± 2.2 ppt, respectively. We have used a Lagrangian dispersion model and local meteorological data to segregate the Mace Head observations into different source regions, and interpret the results in terms of the known sources and sinks of these two key halocarbons. At Cape Grim CH₃Br and CH₃Cl also show annual decreases in their baseline mixing ratios of 2.5% yr⁻¹ and 1.5% yr⁻¹, respectively. Mean baseline mole fractions were 7.94 ± 0.03 ppt (CH₃Br) and 541.3 ± 1.1 ppt (CH₃Cl). Although CH₃Cl has astrong seasonal cycle there is no well-defined seasonal cycle in the Cape Grim CH₃Br record. The fact that both gases are steadily decreasing in the atmosphere at both locations implies that a change has occurred which is affecting a common, major source of both gases (possibly biomass burning) and/or their major sink process (destruction by hydroxyl radical).     

Hydrogeologic Behavior of an Alluvial Aquifer,Salta Province,Argentina: Simulations of Hydraulic Conductivity Field,Groundwater Flow,and Chloride Migration

This work was designed to analyze the hydrogeological behavior of an alluvial aquifer in the River Mojotoro basin site in the Province of Salta, Argentina. The study area presents coarse-grained sediments with high infiltration capacity. The hydraulic conductivity field is affected by the physical heterogeneity of the medium and a geostatistical method, kriging, was used to construct this field from local measurements. The groundwater flow velocity field is computed using a hybrid mixed finite-element method and small variations in the flow directions were determined. Given the existence of a point source of chloride in the region under study, the spatial distribution of the generated plume in the saturated zone is analyzed. The advection-diffusion equation describing the transport of chloride in vertical and horizontal cross-sectional planes of the aquifer is discretized employing a method of characteristics combined with a mixed finite-element procedure, which provides an efficient method to eliminate spurious numerical oscillations and handle the convective term in the equation. The migration of chloride shows patterns, which are affected by the litologic heterogeneities of the aquifer and the regional groundwater flow.     

由盐田水氯镁石制取食品级氯化镁的研究

研究了氯化镁原矿与二次水的溶解实验,采用ICP和XRD对滤液及滤渣组成进行了分析。结果表明:100 mL二次水溶解350 g氯化镁原矿,经过滤后滤液中NaCl、KCl和CaSO_4含量达到最低值。滤液经一段和二段蒸发水量分别为16.25 g和45.34 g,二段蒸发结晶产品的杂质NaCl、KCl和CaSO_4含量(%)达到最低值,分别为0.46、0.12和0.042。通过溶解实验,在最大程度上增大了溶液中氯化镁的质量分数,减少了溶液中杂质含量,为一段蒸发析晶除杂及二段蒸发结晶降低了能耗、节约了生产成本。     

Groundwater recharge estimation using chloride,stable isotopes and tritium profiles in the sands of northwestern Senegal

A study of environmental chloride, deuterium, oxygen-18, and tritium in deep sand profiles (35 m) has been carried out in order to estimate their relative value for measuring average groundwater recharge. The investigation was located at a 0.1-km² site in Quaternary sands near the northwestern coast of Senegal in a zone of rainfed agriculture. By using a steady-state model for duplicate unsaturated zone chloride profiles, the long-term average recharge at the site was estimated to be 30 mm yr^–1 or around 10% of the average precipitation (290 mm). The chloride concentration of adjacent shallow groundwater was relatively uniform and comparable to the unsaturated zone average, while the spatial variability in the depth distribution of Cl^– in the unsaturated zone was considerable. Stable isotope (deuterium and oxygen-18) data show that there is some isotopic enrichment due to direct evaporation through the soil surface. The degree of heavy isotope enrichment is proportional to the extent of evaporative loss and there is good correspondance with the chloride enrichment. Nevertheless, stable isotopes cannot be used quantitatively to estimate the recharge. The excellent preservation of the peak in thermonuclear tritium in precipitation in the unsaturated zone at depths between 12 and 20 m enables an estimated annual recharge of 24 mm yr^–1 in this area to be calculated, using the piston flow model. Agreement therefore between Cl and³H as tools for recharge measurement is reasonable over the site.     

Soil profile evolution following land‐use change: implications for groundwater quantity and quality

Soil and vadose zone profiles are used as an archive of changes in groundwater recharge and water quality following changes in land use in an area of the Loess Plateau of China. A typical rain‐fed loess‐terrace agriculture region in Hequan, Guyuan, is taken as an example, and multiple tracers (chloride mass balance, stable isotopes, tritium and water chemistry) are used to examine groundwater recharge mechanisms and to evaluate soil water chloride as an archive for recharge rate and water quality. Results show that groundwater recharge beneath natural uncultivated grassland, used as a baseline, is about 94–100 mm year^?1 and that the time it takes for annual precipitation to reach water table through the thick unsaturated zone is from decades to hundreds of years (tritium free). This recharge rate is 2–3 orders of magnitude more than in the other semiarid areas with similar annual rainfall but with deep‐rooted vegetation and relatively high temperature. Most of the water that eventually becomes recharge originally infiltrated in the summer months. The conversion from native grassland to winter wheat has reduced groundwater recharge by 42–50% (50–55 mm year^?1 for recharge), and the conversion from winter wheat to alfalfa resulted in a significant chloride accumulation in the upper soil zone, which terminated deep drainage. The paper also evaluates the time lag between potential recharge and actual recharge to aquifer and between increase in solute concentration in soil moisture and that in the aquifer following land‐use change due to the deep unsaturated zone. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高岭土中全硫量快速测定方法

采用碳酸钠一氧化镁半熔融一氯化钡滴定法测定高岭土中的硫含量。试样用碱性熔荆半熔,熔块以水浸取,将转化为硫酸盐后的滤液,以玫瑰红酸钠为指示剂,在pH为5．5．7．0的条件下,用氯化钡标准溶液进行滴定。测定结果的RSD=2．47％（n=5）,加标回收率为95．2％-100．3％。改进后的方法已用于高岭土中全硫量的测定,结果与国标重量法相符。     

食品级氯化钾制备工艺和杂质检测方法的研究进展

食品级氯化钾的制备工艺主要为热溶结晶法,其间通过加入晶种、酸、碱、助滤剂等去除原料中的镁离子、钙离子、硫酸根、有机物等杂质。氯化钾中杂质的检测方法可采用滴定法、电感耦合等离子体光谱法、原子吸收分光光度法、紫外可见分光光度法等。随着食品级氯化钾市场规模的逐渐扩大,行业对产品质量要求也不断提高,其制备工艺技术和杂质检测方法也需不断改进和完善,进一步促进行业有序发展。