长江源及其周边地区蒸发量特征及变化趋势研究

通过对长江源及其周边地区沱沱河等10处气象、水文站自建站至2000年蒸发量资料的分析，揭示了长江源及其周边地区蒸发量的特征值及蒸发年内年际变化规律，分析了该地区蒸发量的变化趋势。     

Genesis of underground brine along south coast of Laizhou Bay： hydrochemical characteristics

1 INTRODUCTION Two large-scale concentration mechanisms, evaporation and freezing, have been proposed for marine origin brine production (Bein and Arad, 1992; Bottomley et al., 1999). There are three basic requirements for brine formation by seawater evap…     

三维饱和-非饱和渗流场求解及其逸出面边界条件处理

对三维饱和-非饱和渗流场的有限单元法求解进行了详细论述,在边界条件中明确列出了非饱和渗流逸出面边界条件的数学表达式。为了理论上能够严密地给出非饱和逸出面的边界条件和数值处理,根据渗流场固有的物理特性,定义了极限含水率和非饱和渗流逸出面蒸逸系数两个渗透基本特性参数。针对渗流场饱和与非饱和逸出面分界线(逸出线)位置事先不知道的问题,提出在这种边界非线性渗流场迭代求解过程中,应根据中间解通过边界条件类型的转化来准确地甄别这一分界线,完整地获得精细地处理饱和及非饱和渗流逸出面边界条件的思路与方法。     

Differences in estimating terrestrial water flux from three satellite-based Priestley-Taylor algorithms

Accurate estimates of terrestrial latent heat of evaporation (LE) for different biomes are essential to assess energy, water and carbon cycles. Different satellite- based Priestley-Taylor (PT) algorithms have been developed to estimate LE in different biomes. However, there are still large uncertainties in LE estimates for different PT algorithms. In this study, we evaluated differences in estimating terrestrial water flux in different biomes from three satellite-based PT algorithms using ground-observed data from eight eddy covariance (EC) flux towers of China. The results reveal that large differences in daily LE estimates exist based on EC measurements using three PT algorithms among eight ecosystem types. At the forest (CBS) site, all algorithms demonstrate high performance with low root mean square error (RMSE) (less than 16 W/m²) and high squared correlation coefficient (R²) (more than 0.9). At the village (HHV) site, the ATI-PT algorithm has the lowest RMSE (13.9 W/m²), with bias of 2.7 W/m² and R² of 0.66. At the irrigated crop (HHM) site, almost all models algorithms underestimate LE, indicating these algorithms may not capture wet soil evaporation by parameterization of the soil moisture. In contrast, the SM-PT algorithm shows high values of R² (comparable to those of ATI-PT and VPD-PT) at most other (grass, wetland, desert and Gobi) biomes. There are no obvious differences in seasonal LE estimation using MODIS NDVI and LAI at most sites. However, all meteorological or satellite-based water-related parameters used in the PT algorithm have uncertainties for optimizing water constraints. This analysis highlights the need to improve PT algorithms with regard to water constraints.     

长江流域降水稳定同位素的云下二次蒸发效应

对长江流域443个GNIP的降水样品同位素原始资料,分降雪和降雨进行δ2H和δ18O线性回归,得到降雪样品的相关方程为δ2H=7.965δ18O+17.114,有最大的斜率和截距;而降雨样品根据降水量大小从<10mm至>300mm分为4组后,得到的相关方程随着降水量的减小,斜率和截距均减小,斜率从7.701减小为5.705,截距从7.812×10-3减小为-5.479×10-3。δ2H~δ18O相关方程的斜率及截距与气温、水汽压之间的关系表明,在降水从云层底部降落到地面的过程中,仅较小降雨事件有明显的二次蒸发现象,并伴随着同位素的分馏。长江流域较小降雨事件占有比例很小,仅为所有降水事件的6.32%,所以二次蒸发效应仅引起地区大气降水方程斜率和截距的微弱减小。研究表明,单个降水原始资料的同位素分析,能产生长期加权平均降水同位素分析得不到的宝贵信息。     

The importance of the petrophysical properties and external factors in the stone decay on monuments

In this paper it is proposed to quantify the importance of some physical parameters responsible for stone decay on monuments. The most common decay process is the crystallisation of salt near the surface of the rocks or inside their porous network. Therefore, the water balance in rocks submitted to these special saturation and position conditions has been studied specifically, using the general concepts of water transfer in unsaturated porous media, and using the capillary imbibition kinetics of different rocks. Different parameters have been taken into account for the calculation of the salt crystallisation position: on one hand, several external parameters such as relative humidity, air convection and the presence of solute in solution, and on the other hand, the intrinsic water transfer properties of the rocks. Their relative importance is discussed, considering the potential values that each parameter can reach in nature.     

Influence of below-cloud evaporation on stable isotopes of precipitation in the Yellow River source region

The study of below-cloud evaporation effects under clouds in the Yellow River source region is of great significance for regional water resource generation as well as for water resource security in the arid and semi-arid regions of northern China. In this study, we quantitatively assessed the evapotranspiration effect in the Yellow River source region from March to November based on the improved Stewart model. The study concluded that: (1) below-cloud evaporation was slightly higher in summer than in other seasons (residual fractions of raindrop evaporation were 80.57% in summer, 81.12% in spring, and 84.2% in autumn, respectively); and (2) sub-cloud evaporation diminishes with increasing altitude (residual fractions of raindrop evaporation were 83.09% in the western part of the area, 81.82% in the central part of the area, and 81.36% in the eastern part of the area, respectively). (3) The total linear index between study areas f and ∆d is 2.24, where f > 95%, it is 1.19; that is, the evaporation of raindrops increases by 1% and the reduction in the excess of mercury by about 2‰. (4) Local meteorological factors (temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity) and raindrop diameter have a cross-influence on below-cloud evaporation, with relative humidity having the most significant effect, with the highest correlation coefficient of 3.03 when relative humidity is less than 70%. The results of the study can provide a parameter basis for hydrological and climatic models in the Yellow River Basin.     

兰州市降水同位素变化特征及影响因素

利用2018年4月至2021年4月在兰州市4个站点收集到的349个降水事件样品,对兰州市降水同位素的变化特征和影响因素进行了研究。结果表明：兰州市降水同位素表现出夏季高冬季低的季节变化特征,并且夏半年降水同位素的空间变异性比冬半年显著。兰州市的大气降水线为δ²H=7.34δ¹⁸O+7.28（R²=0.96,P<0.01）,反映了兰州较为干旱的气候特点。在影响因素方面,兰州市降水同位素表现出温度效应。后向轨迹表明,兰州市夏半年降水受到季风水汽和西风带水汽的影响,冬半年降水主要来自于西风带水汽的输送;利用潜在源贡献因子（PSCF）分析法和浓度权重轨迹（CWT）分析法发现,潜在蒸发源区在夏半年主要分布在兰州东部区域,而冬半年几乎不存在潜在蒸发源区。此外,在夏半年,降水事件前几天的对流活动会对降水同位素产生综合影响,累积时间与对流活动的强度及频率有关,在季风初期和末期累积时间较长,季风强盛期较短;在冬半年,降水事件前几天的温度会对降水同位素产生综合影响,累积时间受到冷空气南下频率的影响。以上认识将为季风边缘区水循环过程的研究提供新的视角。     

库车盆地始新世盐湖物源及蒸发浓缩程度研究

古近纪塔里木盆地属于副特提斯海东延部分,而库车次级盆地位于其东北部。它古近纪经历了浅海相—海陆交互相—陆相的沉积演化,并发育了巨厚蒸发岩,是中国油气的重要产区和钾盐重点勘查区,长期以来受到广大地质学家的关注。然而,关于库车盆地始新世盐湖卤水来源及蒸发浓缩成钾的研究尚存在一些争议和不确定性。因此,本文基于岩石学和矿相学观察、X射线衍射和扫描电镜能谱分析以及稳定同位素研究,探讨蒸发岩的沉积环境、补给来源及蒸发浓缩程度。蒸发岩岩相学分析表明:蒸发岩形成于近源泥砾混入的盐湖沉积环境。硬石膏δ~(34)S值指示了具有一定海源补给特征。石盐原生流体包裹体δD和δ18 O值分别为-118.1‰~-95.3‰和2.5‰~5.7‰,蒸发趋势线说明了古卤水蒸发浓缩程度较高。古盐湖演化过程中虽然经历了3次短暂的淡水混入,但随着古盐湖持续的蒸发作用,并没有影响钾镁盐的析出,且在δ18 O值正偏较大时析出相应的钾盐或含钾矿物,推测库车盆地始新统含盐系地层具有良好的成钾潜力。     

Inversion of Evaporation and Water Vapor Transport Using HY-2 Multi-Sensor Data

HY-2 satellite is the first marine dynamic environment satellite of China.In this study,global evaporation and water vapor transport of the global sea surface are calculated on the basis of HY-2 multi-sensor data from April 1 to 30,2014.The algorithm of evaporation and water vapor transport is discussed in detail,and results are compared with other reanalysis data.The sea surface temperature of HY-2 is in good agreement with the ARGO buoy data.Two clusters are shown in the scatter plot of HY-2 and OAFlux evaporation due to the uneven global distribution of evaporation.To improve the calculation accuracy,we compared the different parameterization schemes and adopted the method of calibrating HY-2 precipitation data by SSM/I and Global Precipitation Climatology Project(GPCP)data.In calculating the water vapor transport,the adjustment scheme is proposed to match the balance of the water cycle for data in the low latitudes.