Vent conditions for expected eruptions at Vesuvius

Determining consistent sets of vent conditions for next expected eruptions at Vesuvius is crucial for the simulation of the sub-aerial processes originating the volcanic hazard and the eruption impact. Here we refer to the expected eruptive scales and conditions defined in the frame of the EC Exploris project, and simulate the dynamics of magma ascent along the volcanic conduit for sub-steady phases of next eruptions characterized by intensities of the Violent Strombolian (VS), Sub-Plinian 2 (SP2), and Sub-Plinian 1 (SP1) scale. Sets of conditions for the simulations are determined on the basis of the bulk of knowledge on the past history of Vesuvius [Cioni, R., Bertagnini, A., Santacroce, R., Andronico, D., Explosive activity and eruption scenarios at Somma–Vesuvius (Italy): towards a new classification scheme. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, this issue.]. Volatile contents (H₂O and CO₂) are parameterized in order to account for the uncertainty in their expected amounts for a next eruption. In all cases the flow in the conduit is found to be choked, with velocities at the conduit exit or vent corresponding to the sonic velocity in the two-phase non-equilibrium magmatic mixture. Conduit diameters and vent mixture densities are found to display minimum overlapping between the different eruptive scales, while exit gas and particle velocities, as well as vent pressures, largely overlap. Vent diameters vary from as low as about 5 m for VS eruptions, to 35–55 m for the most violent SP1 eruption scale. Vent pressures can be as low as less than 1 MPa for the lowest volatile content employed of 2 wt.% H₂O and no CO₂, to 7–8 MPa for highest volatile contents of 5 wt.% H₂O and 2 wt.% CO₂ and large eruptive scales. Gas and particle velocities at the vent range from 100–250 m/s, with a tendency to decrease, and to increase the mechanical decoupling between the phases, with increasing eruptive scale. Except for velocities, all relevant vent quantities are more sensitive to the volatile content of the discharged magma for the highest eruptive scales considered.     

Identifying volcanic regimes using Hidden Markov Models

We examine the application of Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) to volcanic occurrences. The parameters in HMMs can be estimated from data by means of the Expectation–Maximization (EM) algorithm. Various formulations permit modelling the activity level of a volcano through onset counts, the intensity of a Markov Modulated Poisson Process (MMPP), or through the intervals between onsets. More elaborate models allow investigation of the relationship between durations and reposes. After fitting the model, the Viterbi algorithm can be used to identify the underlying (hidden) activity level of the volcano most consistent with the observations. The HMM readily provides forecasts of the next event, and is easily simulated. Data of flank eruptions 1600–2006 from Mount Etna are used to illustrate the methodology. We find that the volcano has longish periods of Poissonian behaviour, interspersed with less random periods, and that changes in regime may be more frequent than have previously been identified statistically. The flank eruptions of Mount Etna appear to have a complex time-predictable character, which is compatible with transitions between an open and closed conduit system. The relationship between reposes and durations appears to characterize the cyclic nature of the volcanoes activity.     

乐山地区酸性降水特征、规律及防治对策

酸雨已成为世界性问题之一．它给人们造成了巨大的危害和损失。研究乐山酸雨污染形成机理、特征、变化规律以及防治对策,对于乐山这个优秀旅游城市来说．具有非常重要的意义。     

Episode 49 of the Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea volcano-breakdown of a steady-state eruptive era

The Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption (1983-present) is the longest lived rift eruption of either Kilauea or neighboring Mauna Loa in recorded history. The initial fissure opening in January 1983 was followed by three years of episodic fire fountaining at the Pu'u 'O'o vent on Kilauea's east rift zone 19km from the summit (episodes 4–47). These spectacular events gave way in July 1986 to five and a half years of nearcontinuous, low-level effusion from the Kupaianaha vent, 3km to the cast (episode 48). A 49th episode began in November 1991 with the opening of a new fissure between Pu'u 'O'o and Kupaianaha. this three week long outburst heralded an era of more erratic eruptive behavior characterized by the shut down of Kupaianaha in February 1992 and subsequent intermittent eruption from vents on the west flank of Pu'u 'O'o (episodes 50 and 51). The events occurring over this period are due to progressive shrinkage of the rift-zone reservoir beneath the eruption site, and had limited impact on eruption temperatures and lava composition.     

西天山那拉提构造带及邻区几个地层问题的讨论

西天山—伊宁地区以独特的结构特征和关键的大地构造部位,历来成为中外地质学家所关注、研究的重要地区,而那拉提构造带及邻区又在西天山—伊宁地区占有举足轻重的地位。由于客观条件的制约,那拉提构造带及西天山造山带在基础地质的许多方面存在不少问题,直接影响到对天山造山带和伊犁盆地的正确认识。笔者根据近十年来在那拉提带及邻区进行10个1∶5万区调填图和收集到的其它资料,对该区几个重要层位的时代、大哈拉军山火山岩系的形成背景、蛇绿岩和蓝闪片岩的产出特征以及该区的结构、构造单元划分和发展演化的动力学机制进行了讨论,其中的许多认识和看法将对该区的进一步研究产生推动作用。     

西天山昭苏北部石炭纪火山岩的岩石地球化学特征、成因及形成环境

西天山昭苏北部早石炭纪大哈拉军山组火山岩由碱性橄榄玄武岩和少量的拉斑玄武岩组成。火山岩TiO2（1．10～1．99％）和P2O5（0．22～0．70％）含量较高,富集大离子亲石元素（Rb,Ba,K）并强烈亏损高场强元素（Nb,Ta,Ti）（（Nb／La）N=0．20～0．36）,轻重稀土分异,其地球化学特征总体上与美国盆岭地区新生代（中新世中期之前）火山岩以及中美洲和南美洲的弧后“过渡型”基性火山岩相似,但与典型火山弧岩浆岩有些不同。大量元古代继承锆石的出现以及主量、微量元素和Nd同位素地球化学特征均表明火山岩经历了相当程度的结晶分异和陆壳混染（AFC）。与碱性玄武岩相比,拉斑玄武岩的SiO2含量和K2O／Na2O比值较高,而εNd（t）,MgO和Mg^#值较低,可能由碱性玄武岩浆经AFC演化形成。碱性橄榄玄武岩中含富Fe,Ti贫Si的火山岩夹层（Fe-Ti玄武岩）,是碱性玄武质岩浆依Fenner趋势发生较高程度结晶分异的产物。火山岩的元素地球化学特征指示岩浆源区可能为俯冲流体交代富集的岩石圈地幔,然而,Fe-Ti玄武岩的出现以及地球化学特征随时间的规律性变化均指示它们形成于拉张的构造环境。我们提出,昭苏北部大哈拉军山组火山岩可能形成于具有元古代陆壳基底的活动大陆边缘弧后拉张环境。这一认识与前人提出的大哈拉军山组火山岩为地幔柱活动影响的大陆裂谷岩浆岩的认识有所不同。     

黑龙江多宝山地区中侏罗世火山岩的发现及其对蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋闭合范围的限定

黑龙江省多宝山地区位于中亚造山带东段、兴安地块东南缘,发育大面积早—中侏罗世侵入岩,但至今未发现同时代的火山岩。在多宝山地区首次发现了同时期的火山岩,并确定为一套英安岩、流纹岩和粗面岩组合。为进一步明确其形成时代及反映的构造意义,对出露的火山岩开展了锆石U-Pb测年和岩石地球化学分析。锆石U-Pb年龄显示,火山岩形成时代为167.1~169.3 Ma,为中侏罗世喷发成岩。火山岩具有富碱（Na2O+K2O=3.70%~7.66%）、富铝（Al2O3=11.42%~19.00%）的特征,属于高钾钙碱性、过铝质（A/CNK=1.08~3.73）岩石。稀土元素呈轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损的右倾特征,具负Eu异常（δEu=0.53~0.79）。微量元素显示富集Rb、Ba、K、Th、U、Pb,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P、Sr。总体显示,该中侏罗世火山岩起源于新生陆壳物质的部分熔融。根据Ta-Yb、Nb-Y构造环境判别图解,该期火山岩形成于挤压背景环境。结合区域构造背景及其演化特征,综合认为,中侏罗世火山岩应是蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋闭合过程导致的陆-陆碰撞作用的产物。闭合导致的陆陆碰撞作用已影响到兴安地块东南缘。     

凤眼莲根对东海原甲藻生长的抑制作用及机制研究

观察凤眼莲Eichhornia crassipes根粉末及丙酮提取物对东海原甲藻Prorocentrum donghaiense生长的影响,比较分析根系丙酮提取物中的化学成分以及不同成分抑藻效果,探讨凤眼莲根对藻类生长的抑制作用及其化学基础。结果显示,1.5g.L-1以上的凤眼莲根粉末可完全抑制东海原甲藻的生长。实际浓度0.019g.L-1的凤眼莲根丙酮提取物对东海原甲藻可产生50%的抑制率。N-苯基-2-萘胺浓度为1mg.L-1时,第6天对东海原甲藻的抑制率超过60%。浓度50μl.L-1时,亚油酸对东海原甲藻的抑制率超过80%。气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)或高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测显示,凤眼莲根丙酮提取物中含有一定量的亚油酸和N-苯基-2-萘胺,同时还有大量的长链脂肪酸如十六酸、9-十六碳烯酸等。结果表明,凤眼莲根可显著抑制东海原甲藻的生长,N-苯基-2-萘胺、亚油酸可能是凤眼莲根抑藻的主要因子。     

Impact of Montmorillonite and Calcite on Release and Adsorption of Cyanobacterial Fatty Acids at Ambient Temperature

Minerals might act as important sorbents of sedimentary organic matter and reduce biodegradation, which favors the formation of hydrocarbon source rocks in the earth's history. Since most organic matter is degraded during the sinking process, at ambient temperature, it is important to investigate the adsorption capacity of different minerals during this process, to assess the organic loss from primary productivity to sedimentary organic matter. In this study, montmorillonite and calcite have been selected to study the impact of different minerals on the release, adsorption, and deposition of cyanobacterial (Synechococcus elonpata) fatty acids (FAs) at ambient temperature. Gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) have been utilized to detect the variation in fatty acids. Primary results suggest that minerals have a different impact on dissolved organic matter. Montmorillonite can specifically enhance the release of fatty acids from cyanobacterial cells by lowering the pH values of the solution. The adsorption of the dissolved organic matter by montmorillonite will also be enhanced under a lower pH value. Conjunction of fatty acids with montmorillonite to form a complex will favor the sinking and preservation of these organics. Selective adsorption is observed among fatty acids with different carbon numbers. In contrast, calcite does not show any impact on the release and adsorption of organic matter even though it is reportedly capable of acting as a catalyst during the transformation of organic matter at high temperature. The primary data bridge a link between primary productivity and sedimentary organic matter, suggesting the relative importance of claystones in the formation of hydrocarbon source rocks in the earth's history.