The Preboreal climate reversal and a subsequent solar‐forced climate shift

Accurate chronologies are essential for linking palaeoclimate archives. Carbon‐14 wiggle‐match dating was used to produce an accurate chronology for part of an early Holocene peat sequence from the Borchert (The Netherlands). Following the Younger Dryas–Preboreal transition, two climatic shifts could be inferred. Around 11 400 cal. yr BP the expansion of birch (Betula) forest was interrupted by a dry continental phase with dominantly open grassland vegetation, coeval with the PBO (Preboreal Oscillation), as observed in the GRIP ice core. At 11 250 cal. yr BP a sudden shift to a humid climate occurred. This second change appears to be contemporaneous with: (i) a sharp increase of atmospheric ¹⁴C; (ii) a temporary decline of atmospheric CO₂; and (iii) an increase in the GRIP ¹⁰Be flux. The close correspondence with excursions of cosmogenic nuclides points to a decline in solar activity, which may have forced the changes in climate and vegetation at around 11 250 cal. yr BP. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The influence of macrophyte growth,typical of eutrophic conditions,on river flow velocities and turbulence production

The influence of emergent and submerged macrophytes on flow velocity and turbulence production is demonstrated in a 140 m reach of the River Blackwater in Farnborough, Hampshire, UK. Macrophyte growth occurs in patches and is dominated by Sparganium erectum and Sparganium emersum. In May 2001, patches of S. erectum were already established and occupied 18% of the channel area. The flow adjusted to these (predominantly lateral) patches by being channelled through a narrower cross‐section. The measured velocity profiles showed a logarithmic form, with deviations attributable to topographic control. The channel bed was the main source of turbulence. In September 2001, in‐stream macrophytes occupied 27% of the channel, and overhanging bank vegetation affected 32% of the area. Overall flow resistance, described by Manning's n, showed a threefold increase that could be attributed to the growth of S. emersum in the middle of the channel. Velocity profiles showed different characteristic forms depending on their position relative to plant stems and leaves. The overall velocity field had a three‐dimensional structure. Turbulence intensities were generally higher and turbulence profiles tended to mirror the velocity profiles. Evidence for the generation of coherent eddies was provided by ratios of the root mean square velocities. Spectral analysis identified deviations from the Kolmogorov ?5/3 power law and provided statistical evidence for a spectral short‐cut, indicative of additional turbulence production. This was most marked for the submerged vegetation and, in some instances, the overhanging bank vegetation. The long strap‐like leaves of S. emersum being aligned approximately parallel to the flow and the highly variable velocity field created by the patch arrangement of macrophytes suggest that the dominant mechanism for turbulence production is vortex shedding along shear zones. Wake production around individual stems of S. emersum close to the bed may also be important locally. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Internet‐Based GIS Mapping in Support of K‐12 Education

Internet‐based mapping provides a powerful alternative for successfully establishing GIS technology in the K‐12 education community, while simultaneously avoiding the traditional barriers associated with desktop GIS. Internet‐based GIS can support standards‐based inquiry methods of teaching and learning while providing basic analysis tools for studying and exploring geographic or scientific data in the classroom.     

热带西太平洋热状况年代际和年际变化特征分析

采用谐波分析和EOF分析方法,对比研究了暖池区域表层热状况(海表温度距平SST'表征)和浅层热状况(热含量距平HS'和次表层海温距平ST'表征)在1月和7月的年代际、年际尺度时空特征.分析结果表明:⑴不同季节的年代际、年际尺度SST'和HS'都存在两个显著模态,HS'1月的年代际、年际尺度结构最简单,而SST'7月的年代际和1月年际结构最复杂;⑵ 1970年代末和1980年代初发生的年代际跃变HS'晚于SST', 且SST'(HS')呈增温(减少)趋势;⑶ HS'的年际异常与ENSO关系密切,而SST'与ENSO关系不显著.     

大敦煌地区水资源承载力及其承载状态评价（英文）

水资源承载力是衡量区域内人水关系协调发展的重要评判指标。定量评价水资源承载力,可为有效调控水资源、维持经济社会可持续发展提供重要依据。基于大敦煌地区各市县统计数据,以分县为基本单元,定量分析了2010–2017年不同来水条件和不同政策约束下大敦煌地区水资源承载力和承载状态。结果表明：（1）2010–2017年大敦煌地区水资源承载力逐年增加,平水年、枯水年和特枯年条件下的承载力分别从34.37万人、31.59万人和29.11万人增加到45.87万人、41.54万人和37.56万人。（2）不同政策约束下,2010–2017年大敦煌地区水资源承载力逐年增加,从2010年的30.94万人增加到2017年的41.24万人;预估2020年和2030年分别可承载人口32.66万人和34.12万人。（3）2010–2017年大敦煌地区水资源承载指数持续减小,平水年、枯水年和特枯年条件下承载指数分别从1.05、1.14和1.24降到0.80、0.88和0.97,人水关系均从临界超载转变为平衡有余。大敦煌地区水资源承载力显著提升,承载状态显著改善,但整体承载上限并不高,应着力提高水资源利用效率,以维持大敦...     

云南会泽超大型铅锌矿床成因研究中的几个问题

位于川-滇-黔铅锌多金属成矿域中南部云南会泽超大型铅锌矿床可能是一种新的铅锌矿床类型，该类铅锌矿床明显特征是规模大、品位富、伴生有用元素多，暗示其成矿环境较为特殊。从成矿时代、成矿物质来源、成矿流体来源与演化，以及峨眉山玄武岩与成矿的关系等方面分析了会泽超大型铅锌矿床的研究进展及国内外研究现状，认为矿床成矿时代与西南大面积峨眉山玄武岩成矿时代相近，成矿物质和成矿流体具有“多源性”，成矿流体存在均一化过程，区域大规模流体运移在该区铅锌成矿过程中具有重要意义，峨眉山玄武岩岩浆活动与铅锌成矿具有密切的成因联系，矿床可能为“均一化成矿流体贯入成矿”的产物。     

珠江三角洲滨海小流域离子化学特征及来源分析

在分析中山大学滨海小流域水循环综合试验基地内雨水、河水和地下水离子组分的基础上,讨论了该小流域内水体离子化学组分的特征及来源。结果显示:①河水中TDS变化范围为28.97～44.64 mg/l,平均值为33.90 mg/l;在离子化学组成中,阳离子以Na++K+为主,阴离子以Cl-和HCO3-为主;雨水中TDS的变化范围为0.88～26.07 mg/l,平均值为8.42 mg/l,离子含量变化幅度较大;地下水TDS变化范围为39.49～113.16 mg/l,均值为58.11 mg/l,约为流域河水的2倍,雨水的7倍;②海盐沉降中Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、K+、SO42-的贡献率:雨季分别为6%、60%、47%、2%和15%,旱季分别为3%、41%、54%、2%、9%;③硅酸盐风化中,雨季:(Ca/Na)sil=0.31,(Mg/K)sil=0.21;旱季:(Ca/Na)sil=0.36,(Mg/K)sil=0.27;CO2消耗率为12.4 t/(km2.a);④河水中的NO3-和(SO42-)res主要来源于大气酸沉降,且具有旱季含量低、雨季含量高的特点;⑤R1潜水井受到一定程度的NO3-污染,NO3-的...     

A discrete particle representation of hillslope hydrology: hypothesis testing in reproducing a tracer experiment at Gårdsjön,Sweden

Despite the long history of the continuum equation approach in hydrology, it is not a necessary approach to the formulation of a physically based representation of hillslope hydrology. The Multiple Interacting Pathways (MIPs) model is a discrete realization that allows hillslope response and transport to be simultaneously explored in a way that reflects the potential occurrence of preferential flows and lengths of pathways. The MIPs model uses random particle tracking methods to represent the flow of water within the subsurface alongside velocity distributions that acknowledge preferential flows and transition probability matrices, which control flow pathways. An initial realization of this model is presented here in application to a tracer experiment carried out in Gårdsjön, Sweden. The model is used as an exploratory tool, testing several hypotheses in relation to this experiment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

New brown dwarf companions to dM(e) stars

We present new astrometric and spectroscopic data to confirm two new M/L dwarf systems, G124‐62 and LHS5166, and discuss the nature of a third system (LP261‐75). Age and thus mass determinations of the L dwarf companions are discussed based on various activity‐age relationships of the M dwarf primaries. This publication will update the list of widely separated substellar companions to nearby stars. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)