褶皱—冲断构造的动力学研究现状和力学分析初探

综述了褶皱—冲断构造的几何特征,造山带的岩石物理性质以及临界锥体力学分析研究现状,认为运用临界锥体力学原理可以很好地解释褶皱—冲断构造发育和发展动力学机制。     

浅变质岩在示踪大别—苏鲁造山带大陆板块俯冲与折返过程中的意义

中国大别-苏鲁造山带为大陆板块俯冲形成的碰撞造山带,该带北缘和内部产有原岩时代为新元古代-晚古生代的浅变质岩。这些浅变质岩对应于扬子板块北缘前寒武变质基底和扬子板块北缘古生代大陆架沉积物,形成过程于印支期扬子板块向北俯冲过程中的刮削作用密切相关,与大洋板块俯冲过程中刮削形成的加积楔具有类似的动力学过程。对大别-苏鲁造山带浅变质岩的深入研究,不仅有助于揭示大陆板块俯冲过程中高压-超高压岩石形成与折返过程,而且确定了扬子板块与华北板块之间的缝合线位置位于大别造山带北淮阳带的北部和苏鲁造山带的五莲-蓬莱群的北侧。     

BSRs and Associated Reflections as an Indicator of Gas Hydrate and Free Gas Accumulation: An Example of Accretionary Prism and Forearc Basin System along the Nankai Trough, off Central Japan

Abstract. Multi-channel seismic data obtained from the Nankai accretionary prism and forearc basin system has been studied to elucidate the migration and accumulation process of gas to the BGHS and examine the distribution pattern of BSRs and characteristic reflections associated with them.
BSRs are distributed widely in the Nankai accretionary prism and associated forearc basins (33,000 km²) and 90 % of them have migration and recycling origins. The widest distribution of the BSRs can be seen at the prism. A correlation between the BSR distributions and prism size shows that the BSRs tend to be more well-developed in a prism of large size. This suggests that a large prism may produce much amount of gas-bearing fluids that migrate to the BGHS and form the BSRs (tectonic control), hi the forearc basins, the BSRs are identified at topographic highs, anticlines and basin margins (structural control).
The upward migration of gas-bearing fluids is carried out through permeable sand layers and as a result, the distribution of BSRs is confined to alternating beds of sand and mud facies (sedimentary control). However, if there is enough time for upward migration and accumulation of gas to the BGHS, the BSRs can be generated widely in low-permeable mud facies (time control).
Those results imply that structural, tectonic, sedimentary and time controls are primary factors to decide the distribution of BSRs in the Nankai Trough area.     

Ar/Ar thermochronologic constraints on deformation, metamorphism and cooling/exhumation of a Mesozoic accretionary wedge, Otago Schist, New Zealand

Structural thickening of the Torlesse accretionary wedge via juxtaposition of arc-derived greywackes (Caples Terrane) and quartzo-feldspathic greywackes (Torlesse Terrane) at 120 Ma formed a belt of schist (Otago Schist) with distinct mica fabrics defining (i) schistosity, (ii) transposition layering and (iii) crenulation cleavage. Thirty-five ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar step-heating experiments on these micas and whole rock micaceous fabrics from the Otago Schist have shown that the main metamorphism and deformation occurred between 160 and 140 Ma (recorded in the low grade flanks) through 120 Ma (shear zone deformation). This was followed either by very gradual cooling or no cooling until about 110 Ma, with some form of extensional (tectonic) exhumation and cooling of the high-grade metamorphic core between 109 and 100 Ma. Major shear zones separating the low-grade and high-grade parts of the schist define regions of separate and distinct apparent age groupings that underwent different thermo-tectonic histories. Apparent ages on the low-grade north flank (hanging wall to the Hyde-Macraes and Rise and Shine Shear Zones) range from 145 to 159 Ma (n=8), whereas on the low-grade south flank (hanging wall to the Remarkables Shear Zone or Caples Terrane) range from 144 to 156 Ma (n=5). Most of these samples show complex age spectra caused by mixing between radiogenic argon released from neocrystalline metamorphic mica and lesser detrital mica. Several of the hanging wall samples with ages of 144–147 Ma show no evidence for detrital contamination in thin section or in the form of the age spectra. Apparent ages from the high-grade metamorphic core (garnet–biotite–albite zone) range from 131 to 106 Ma (n=13) with a strong grouping 113–109 Ma (n=7) in the immediate footwall to the major Remarkables Shear Zone. Most of the age spectra from within the core of the schist belt yield complex age spectra that we interpret to be the result of prolonged residence within the argon partial retention interval for white mica (430–330 °C). Samples with apparent ages of about 110–109 Ma tend to give concordant plateaux suggesting more rapid cooling. The youngest and most disturbed age spectra come from within the ‘Alpine chlorite overprint’ zone where samples with strong development of crenulation cleavage gave ages 85–107 and 101 Ma, due to partial resetting during retrogression. The bounding Remarkables Shear zone shows resetting effects due to dynamic recrystallization with apparent ages of 127–122 Ma, whereas overprinting shear zones within the core of the schist show apparent ages of 112–109 and 106 Ma. These data when linked with extensional exhumation of high-grade rocks in other parts of New Zealand indicate that the East Gondwana margin underwent significant extension in the 110–90 Ma period.     

南安集海-南玛纳斯背斜的构造分析及其横向转换研究

南安集海背斜和南玛纳斯背斜属于准噶尔南缘山前中西段第一排构造带,构造变形异常强烈,呈典型的堆跺式双重构造.通过应用断层相关褶皱的构造几何分析方法,用计算机对南安集海-南玛纳斯背斜带内的基干地震剖面进行了构造解析,南玛纳斯背斜是在霍-玛-吐断裂上叠加一堆跺式双重构造组成,向西南玛纳斯背斜上的堆跺式双重构造逐渐消失,同时霍-玛-吐断裂位移量逐渐转换成反向逆冲断层,形成南安集海背斜的复合型构造三角楔.通过构造解析,弄清了它们在三维空间中的过渡转换关系,对后继的南缘山前构造带的勘探开发具有参考意义.     

Magnetic fabric study of the SE Rhenohercynian Zone (Bohemian Massif): Implications for dynamics of the Paleozoic accretionary wedge

The progressive deformation recorded in the magnetic fabric of sedimentary rocks was studied in the SE Rhenohercynian Zone (RHZ), eastern margin of the Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic. Almost 800 oriented samples of the Lower Carboniferous mudstones and graywackes were collected from the SSE part of the Czech RHZ, so-called the Drahany Upland. The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) is predominantly controlled by the preferred orientation of paramagnetic phyllosilicates, mainly iron-bearing chlorites. A regional distribution of the magnetic fabric within the Drahany Upland revealed an increasing deformation from the SSE to the NNW. In the SE, the magnetic fabric is bedding-parallel with magnetic lineation scattered in the bedding plane or trending N–S to NNE–SSW. Further to the NW, the magnetic foliation rotates from the bedding-parallel orientation to the orientation parallel to the evolving cleavage. This rotation is accompanied by a decrease of the anisotropy degree and the prolate nature of the anisotropy ellipsoids. The magnetic lineation is parallel to the strike of the bedding, bedding/cleavage intersection, pencil structure or the fold axes on a regional scale. In the NW part of the Drahany Upland, the magnetic foliation becomes parallel to the cleavage accompanied by an increase of the anisotropy degree and the oblate nature of the anisotropy ellipsoids. The increasing trend of deformation corresponds to the SSE–NNW increase in the degree of anchimetamorphism; both trends being oblique to the main lithostratigraphic formations as typically observed in the sedimentary rocks of the accretionary wedges. The SSE–NNW increase in deformation and anchimetamorphism continues to the Nízký Jeseník Mts., representing the northern part of the same accretionary wedge. The kinematics of deformation could not be unambiguously assessed. The observed magnetic fabric may reflect either lateral shortening or horizontal simple shear or a combination of both mechanisms. Regarding the subduction process, it seems that the sedimentary sequences of the Drahany Upland were subducted, partly offscraped and accreted frontally or partly underplated as opposed to the Nízký Jeseník Mts. where some return flow must have occurred.     

台湾西部前陆盆地的构造格局和演化规律

基于对台湾岛、台湾海峡和周边海域(南海、东海)的盆山系统、相应动力学机制、构造单元以及其他诸多造山带和毗邻前陆盆地的研究,提出了台湾西部前陆盆地演化的4阶段模式,即:①增生楔发育-单向物源阶段;②挠曲响应-双向物源阶段;③前陆盆地系统形成阶段;④造山带坍塌-前陆衰退阶段。并对各阶段的构造特征、沉积特征和物源供给方式的差异给予了探讨,认为在增生楔发育-单向物源阶段,尽管增生楔业已推覆至陆缘层序之上,但盆地依然呈被动陆缘的外廓特征,以大陆方向为盆地的唯一物源;在挠曲响应-双向物源阶段,盆地开始明显出现挠曲响应,增生楔开始具备并逐步加大向盆地供应沉积物质的能力,但依然以大陆方向为主要物源方向;在前陆盆地系统形成阶段,前渊和前隆区逐步形成,在来自唯一物源、后陆方向造山带物质的快速充填下,前陆期层序快速向前隆方向超覆,形成典型的前陆楔形体;在造山带坍塌-前陆衰退阶段,伸展作用出现并快速扩展,前渊抬升,前陆层序遭受剥蚀,火山作用重新出现。并探讨了该模式是否具有周缘前陆盆地的普遍适用性。     

宁夏中南部中新世构造活动的地质证据及其意义

通过区域性新生界的对比及不整合面分布的研究,发现宁夏地区中新世曾发生过两次构造运动,一次发生于早中新世,另一次发生于中中新世晚期,但以后者明显,分布也最广。其中前者集中在六盘山以西地区,后者分布在查汗布拉格—三关口—青铜峡—固原(查-固)断裂沿线。宁夏中北部大部分红柳沟组是在受中新世构造运动影响的环境下沉积的。发生于早中新世的构造运动集中体现在六盘山以西的地区和甘肃部分地区,该期运动使渐新统清水营组变形,由于这些现象多发生于海原断裂附近,因此推测在早中新世海原断裂就可能已活动了。而发生于中中新世晚期的运动体现在如下几个方面,在贺兰山中南段西侧发现了中中新世晚期的逆冲推覆活动,堆积了厚度较大的同构造沉积(红柳沟组);在查-固断裂沿线发现了由于中中新世晚期的构造活动而形成的红柳沟组与清水营组之间的角度不整合面,这些说明在该期青藏高原的变形前锋已到达查-固断裂,也就是鄂尔多斯西缘地区,早新生代盆地因此解体;与此同时盆地内部红柳沟组向上逐渐变粗,也说明中中新世晚期较强烈的构造运动已影响到了该区,香山地区开始隆起并分割了早先的盆地,使之成为背驮盆地。宁夏中南部并入到青藏高原东北缘逆冲构造楔之中,该逆冲构造楔中新世向北东扩展的原因可能是由于高原北部在同期显著的隆升运动使得逆冲楔顶角超过临界值,而向前扩展的,查-固断裂是早期类似于目前海原断裂的青藏高原变形前缘,整个高原东北部的扩展并不是前展式,而是一种没有特定顺序的变形。上述这些现象否定了前人认为宁夏地区第三系的变形发生在上新世末期—更新世以后的观点。     

新疆库鲁克塔格地区辛格尔变质核杂岩特征

辛格尔一带的前震旦纪古老变质岩系为一系列的变质核杂岩。其内核由早—中太古代古陆核组成 ,外核为晚太古代、古元古代、中元古代、新元古代早期变质岩系构成的多层次构造增生楔 ,并有多期剥离断层配套。新元古宙代晚期震旦系为盖层。它是地壳多期伸缩构造的产物。变质核杂岩体是一个有利于成矿的构造体系。辛格尔变质核杂岩构造是一个对有色和贵金属等矿产成矿的有利构造