Derivation of vegetative variables from a landsat tm image for modelling soil erosion

A study was carried out to assess the potential use of satellite thematic mapper (TM) images to produce maps of vegetation-related variables for erosion modelling. In a Mediterranean study area in southern France the (semi-)natural vegetation was described at 33 field plots using four quantitative methods: the Fosberg structural classification system, the cover and management factor of the Universal Soil Loss Equation, the leaf area index and the total percentage cover. After radiometric correction of the image, the spectral TM bands were processed following three different methods. Each method aimed at combining the data of the six spectral TM bands into a single band in such a way that the resulting image displayed optimal information on green vegetation cover. The algorithms used comprise the normalized difference vegetation index, the conventional ‘tasselled cap’ transformation and a locally tuned tasselled cap transformation. Only slight differences were found between the different methods to calculate spectral vegetation indices for this particular case. Furthermore, the correlations between the field variables and image-derived spectral indices are generally small. The largest correlations were found for the normalized vegetation index and the leaf area index (r + 0·71) and for the normalized vegetation index and Fosberg's structural vegetation classes (r + 0·76). However, Fosberg's method results in very general classes, which are of little use for soil erosion models. Furthermore, the spectral indices appeared to be sensitive for the vitality of the vegetation. Consequently, an area covered by a sensed, senescent vegetation will not yield a large value for the spectral index, but its soil is protected against splash erosion. This might lead to a misinterpretation of the soil protective cover when satellite images are used. A final conclusion is that a balance has to be found between the more accurate, but time-consuming field surveys to gather information on erosion-controlling factors and a certain loss of accuracy associated with the use of quick and easy remote sensing methods.     

广西洪涝监测研究进展及业务服务情况与展望

介绍广西局地性洪涝、流域性洪涝监测预警指标研究、广西洪涝监测系统及洪涝监测业务服务开展情况,并对GIS技术在广西洪涝监测预报评估中的应用前景进行了分析。     

岩浆岩成因类型REE判别

本文根据REE丰度特征与对数真数特征的关系以及REE燕式曲线的物理定义 (化学内涵 )和数学关系 ,引入了丰度坐标系———双对数坐标系 (一种准四维坐标系 )定量模型 ,按照岩浆岩系的数据点在丰度坐标系中的分布情况 ,对岩浆岩系REE丰度结构进行分类 ,并探讨岩浆岩系的REE演化类型和演化运动特征 ,据此对岩浆岩成因的类型进行判别     

Tropical chemical weathering of hillslope deposits and bedrock source in the Aburrá Valley, northern Colombian Andes

Tropical chemical weathering produces extensive lateritization and formation of deep weathering profiles. Both processes are fundamental to landscape evolution and slope instability. The Aburrá Valley of the northern Colombian Andes is characterized by tropical conditions. The valley slopes are mostly covered by hillslope deposits originating from four basement rock suites which comprise contrasting granitoid, volcanic–sedimentary, ophiolitic, and metamorphic sources, respectively. Tropical chemical weathering of the Aburrá hillslope deposits and their respective bedrock were examined using X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction analysis, to document and quantify their chemical weathering profiles, compositions, and mineralogical properties. The Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA), loss on ignition (LOI), and the Mobiles index (Imob) were used to quantify the degree of weathering of hillslope deposits and bedrock source. Weathering trends were analyzed using A–CN–K and A–CNK–FM diagrams. The material mantling the slopes in the Aburrá Valley records an intense weathering history. Chemical weathering is characterized by increased development of clay minerals (kaolinite, halloysite) and iron and aluminum sesquioxides. Lateritization characterizes the final stage of the weathering profiles. Concentrations of CaO, Na₂O, K₂O decrease markedly in the weathering products compared to the fresh bedrock source, whereas concentrations of Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, and MgO increase significantly. CIA ratios of matrix slope deposits derived from all four sources near 100, whereas those of boulder slope deposits and saprolites are lower, but exceed source rock values. Different A–CN–K weathering paths are evident for each lithotype, validating the correlation established between the hillslope deposits and their various parents. Chemical weathering indices in some samples are strongly influenced by the presence of sesquioxides, as reflected by high LOI, anomalously low CIA, and varying enrichment trends on the A–CNK–FM diagrams. Consequently, different chemical indices based on different criteria need to be combined to obtain best results, as illustrated here by the combination of LOI, CIA, and Imob. The overall results suggest that tropical conditions have dominated for a long time in the northern Colombian Andes, leading to uniformly high weathering indices in matrix slope deposits irrespective of parent lithotype. Prolonged warm and humid conditions could thus be responsible for the weathering and remobilization of extensive old hillslope deposits during the Quaternary. However, in addition to the influence of climatic factors, tectonism has also undoubtedly influenced slope evolution in the Aburrá Valley.     

中国大陆部分构造单元出露地壳与全球大陆上地壳化学成分的比较——对地壳演化的制约和思考

根据中国东部上地壳区域元素丰度研究和新疆北部地区1∶20万化探成果,总结了23个二级大地构造单元出露地壳的元素地球化学特征。与全球大陆上地壳元素丰度值的对比显示,中国大陆出露地壳成分演化程度介于岛弧与成熟的加拿大地盾之间。华北、扬子地台由于含大量碳酸盐岩地层,其出露地壳SiO2含量偏低,明显富集CaO和MgO,可见在出露地壳和上地壳元素丰度值研究中不应忽视碳酸盐岩的贡献。相对于最新发表的2种全球大陆上地壳平均成分模型,中国大陆出露地壳系统亏损Au、Hg、Mo、Sn和W,表明现有上地壳模型过高地估计了Au、Hg、Mo、Sn、W等元素丰度值。华北地台及其南缘的秦岭-大别山造山带出露地壳具低μ(238U/204Pb)值(<8)特征,但其他地区μ值较高,暗示华北地台及其周边地区出露地壳的低μ值特点不具备全球意义。鉴于中国大陆内部各构造单元之间出露地壳成分的显著横向差异,以华北地台为主体的上地壳成分模型目前尚无充分理由作为中国和全球大陆上地壳平均值的可靠代表。     

Factors influencing determination of shale classification indices and their correlation to mechanical properties

The influence of sample preparation procedure on the measured classification indices such as clay-size fraction, liquid limit, and plastic limit of shales was investigated. Shale samples covering a wide range of composition and plasticity were tested using standard and modified preparation procedures to yield quantitative data required for this investigation. The study specifies the range of shale plasticity in which the measured values of clay-size fraction and liquid limit are sensitive to hydrometer specimen size and rehydration time, respectively. The study also revealed that the degree of shale particle disaggregation has an important influence on the measured clay-size fraction and liquid limit. This influence is maximized for shales with intermediate plasticity and can be interpreted in terms of particle size and shape. Correlations were established between classification indices derived from standard and modified sample preparation procedures. It is recommended to use these correlations to adjust shale classification indices derived from standard sample preparation procedures usually utilized by commercial laboratories. Such correlations help in creating a universally followed procedure for better estimation of shale engineering properties and reliable interpretation of case histories involving shale formations.     

Circulation patterns of summer monsoon corresponding to two kinds of indices over the South China Sea

The characteristics of circulation corresponding to two kinds of indices of summer monsoon onset over the South China Sea (SCS) have been discussed using the reanalysis data of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research. It is found that there are two patterns of deep convection that occur at different locations and influence the summer monsoon onset over the SCS. One is over the Asia continent and the western Pacific corresponding to the southwesterly of summer monsoon prevailing over the northern and central part of the SCS, while the other is near the Philippines that affects the westerly summer monsoon as prevailing over the central and southern southern part of the SCS. Since these two kinds of convection affecting the summer monsoon onset do not always occur together, thus the summer monsoon onset time is different when determined by various indices.     

宁夏引黄灌区地膜棉花发展前景的农业气候分析及区划

用１９９１－１９９５年地膜棉花地理分斯播种试验资料,建立了生长速度,产量和霜前花率模型,推算了各种农业气象指标,并用实况进行了验证,以模式和指标为依据,用宁夏各地１９６１－１９９０年气候资料和小网格订正资料模拟各地爱年生长进程产量和霜前花率,统计其概率分布,分别给出分布图,分析了宁夏各地发展地膜棉的适宜程度并做出了区划。     

On laboratory studies of grains from outside the solar system

An overview is given of the identified surviving presolar grains in primitive meteorites. Two of these phases are discussed in more detail: (a) Presolar silicon carbide, with special emphasis on heavy element isotopic compositions which trace the slow neutron capture process (s-process) of nucleosynthesis. It is argued that there are problems either with the grain or neutron capture cross section data or with current basic understanding of heavy element nucleosynthesis, (b) Presolar diamonds, where new developments are discussed concerning the origin of the (supernova) Xenon-HL component thought to be contained within them; in addition, arguments are presented in favor of diverse carrier phases for the various Xe components observed in diamond separates.     

塔里木—华北板块的地壳和岩石圈元素丰度

塔里木—华北板块是我国境内最大的岩石圈板块,也是我国最重要的成矿区域之一。给出了本板块的地壳模型和岩石圈模型,并分别计算出本板块的地壳和岩石圈的元素丰度,讨论了本板块的主要丰度特征