台湾南湾区秋末冬初海樽类的种类组成和数量分布

根据2001年11月2--3日和12月8--10日在台湾南湾12个测站分别用2种圆锥形浮游生物网(长180cm，网口直径45cm，网目333μm或200μm)采集表层和底层的浮游动物样品，分析了南湾浮游海樽类的种类组成和数量分布，其鉴定海樽类16利，其中7种为台湾周围海域新记录。东方双尾纽鳃樽和小齿海樽为优势种。南湾海樽类的种类数及个体数量均以12月多于11月。讨论了水文条件与海樽类时空分布的关系，认为外海高盐水团足南湾冬季海樽类生态特征的主要制约因子。典型的高温高盐种大西洋火体虫、长吻纽鳃樽、安纽鳃樽、多手纽鳃樽、书氏纽鳃樽、羽环纽鳃樽和斑点纽鳃樽等可以作为外海高温高盐水入侵南湾的指标种。与邻近海域比较，秋冬季南湾与台湾岛以东海域海樽类的区系特征比与台湾海峡和南海北部更加相似。     

Absolute pollen productivity and pollen–vegetation relationships in northern Finland

Pollen productivity is one of the most critical parameters for pollen–vegetation relationships, and thus for vegetation reconstruction, in either pollen percentages or pollen accumulation rates. We obtain absolute pollen productivity of three major tree types in northern Finland: pine (Pinus sylvestris), spruce (Picea abies) and birch (Betula pubescens ssp. pubescens and B. pubescens ssp. czerepanovii treated as one taxon). Long‐term monitoring records of pollen traps from 15 sites (duration: 5–23 years) and tree volume estimates within a 14 km radius of each trap were compared to estimate pollen productivity (grains m^?3 a^?1) of these trees using a regression method. The slope of the linear relationship between pollen loading and distance‐weighted plant abundance represents pollen productivity. Estimated productivities of pollen (×10⁸ grains m^?3 a^?1) for pine, spruce and birch are 128.7 (SE 31.5), 341.9 (SE 81.3) and 411.4 (SE 307.7), respectively. The birch estimate (P > 0.05) is not as good as the others and should be used with caution. Pollen productivities of pine, spruce and birch in northern Finland are, in general, comparable to those of congeneric species in other regions of Europe and Japan. Although the year‐to‐year variations are significant, our volume‐based estimates of pollen productivity for pine and spruce will be essential for quantitative reconstruction of vegetation in the region. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The oil spill behaviour model of the canadian atmospheric environment service. Part II: Evaluation of model guidance for emergency response

Abstract

In a companion paper the theoretical basis for the Canadian Atmospheric Environment Service oil spill behaviour model was discussed along with its evaluation, in non‐real time, using data collected from field experiments and a real spill. This paper deals with the use of the model in real time to provide guidance in support of the emergency created by an oil spill in the Canadian Beaufort Sea. The spill of about 2440 barrels of diesel oil occurred in September 1985, the result of storm damage to an artificial island used for hydrocarbon exploration.

Model simulations were carried out for two time periods while the spill was being tracked. These simulations identified the marked shifts in the direction of movement of the spill. While the predictive skills for the two time periods varied, with re‐initialization the final observed slick location was predicted to within 2 km. This model prediction was used by the regulatory authorities as guidance information in locating the slick when it could not be easily spotted from the air. The prediction of the size of the slick 27 h after initial time was in very good agreement with observations. A qualitative evaluation of the model‐simulated weathering of the oil was also carried out.     

Development of new spectral reflectance indices for the detection of lichens and mosses moisture content in the Hudson Bay Lowlands,Canada

Assessing moisture contents of lichens and mosses using ground‐based high‐spectral resolution spectrometers offers immense opportunities for a comprehensive monitoring of peatland moisture status by satellite/airborne imagery. This study investigates the impact of various moisture conditions of the lichens Cladina stellaris and Cladina rangiferina, and the mosses Dicranum elongatum and Tomenthypnum nitens on the spectral signatures obtained. Reflectance and moisture content measurements of these species were made in a laboratory setting, while maintaining the natural moisture conditions of the samples; once the moisture and spectral measurements were complete, the samples were returned to the field and placed in their natural setting, continuously receiving moisture from precipitation and groundwater and losing water through evaporation and drainage. Previously, we correlated the present spectral indices with the moisture contents of the above species, whereas the current study developed new species‐specific indices to improve the detection of the plants' moisture contents. The relationship between the plants' moisture content and the water table position was examined as well. It was found that the lichens are not responsive to variations in the water table position, whereas the mosses, specifically D. elongatum, are quite sensitive to changes in the water table position. Thus, the use of the mosses spectral indices may contribute to an indirect evaluation of the water table position. Overall, the results suggest that the unique spectral signatures of the above species can be detected by satellite and airborne imagery, whereas the mosses, can be used as indicators of peatlands moisture status. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Relic abundance of asymmetric Dark Matter in quintessence

We investigate the relic abundance of asymmetric Dark Matter particles in quintessence model with a kination phase. The analytic calculation of the asymmetric Dark Matter in the standard cosmological scenario is extended to the nonstandard cosmological scenario where we specifically discuss the quintessence model with a kination phase. We found that the enhancement of Hubble rate changes the relic density of particles and anti-particles. We use the present day Dark Matter abundance to constrain the Hubble rate in quintessence model with a kination phase for asymmetric Dark Matter.     

Continuous versus event‐based sampling: how many samples are required for deriving general hydrological understanding on Ecuador's páramo region?

As a consequence of the remote location of the Andean páramo, knowledge on their hydrologic functioning is limited; notwithstanding, these alpine tundra ecosystems act as water towers for a large fraction of the society. Given the harsh environmental conditions in this region, year‐round monitoring is cumbersome, and it would be beneficial if the monitoring needed for the understanding of the rainfall–runoff response could be limited in time. To identify the hydrological response and the effect of temporal monitoring, a nested (n = 7) hydrological monitoring network was set up in the Zhurucay catchment (7.53 km²), south Ecuador. The research questions were as follows: (1) Can event sampling provide similar information in comparison with continuous monitoring, and (2) if so, how many events are needed to achieve a similar degree of information? A subset of 34 rainfall–runoff events was compared with monthly values derived from a continuous monitoring scheme from December 2010 to November 2013. Land cover and physiographic characteristics were correlated with 11 hydrological indices. Results show that despite some distinct differences between event and continuous sampling, both data sets reveal similar information; more in particular, the monitoring of a single event in the rainy season provides the same information as continuous monitoring, while during the dry season, ten events ought to be monitored. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

常用化学风化指标综述：应用与展望

常用化学风化指标诸如帕克风化指数（WIP）、化学蚀变指数（CIA）、成分变异指数（ICV）、CIX指数和αAlE常被用于评价源区化学风化强度,但利用以上化学风化指标评价化学风化强度时要考虑不同指标的控制因素,否则会导致风化评价结果失真。文章认为以最常用化学风化指标探究源区化学风化过程时,应在了解源区地质信息的情况下,选取合适的的细粒物质或悬浮物作为样品减弱粒度的控制作用,通过酸处理去除杂质,再利用Sc/Th-CIA 判别图反映物源信息,Th/Sc-Zr/Sc判别图进一步判别沉积分异和沉积再旋回的控制作用,进而选取ICV＞1的样品排除再旋回作用的干扰,用A-CN-K图或Panahi（2000）提出的公式进行钾交代作用的校正,最终通过CIA计算得出源岩化学风化强度。为确保准确反映源区风化情况,利用SPSS进行CIA受控因子分析,进而构建研究区的特征风化指标。     

紫锥菊提取物对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)的非特异性免疫功能的影响

本文旨在探讨肌肉注射不同浓度的紫锥菊提取物对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)的非特异性免疫功能的影响,试验选取体重(250±20)g的大菱鲆作为试验动物,分别注射10、20、40mg/m L浓度的紫锥菊提取物,试验共进行28d,每隔7d采集血液测试非特异性免疫指标,第28天用迟缓爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda)攻毒,连续观察7d,测定其免疫保护率。结果显示肌肉注射紫锥菊提取物对大菱鲆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力和溶菌酶活力(LSZ)的影响极显著(P0.01);对吞噬细胞吞噬率(PP)的影响显著(0.01P0.05),对吞噬细胞呼吸爆发活力的影响极显著(P0.01)。攻毒试验表明,紫锥菊提取物能够降低迟缓爱德华氏菌攻毒后鱼的死亡率,提高其免疫保护率,尤其是40mg/m L组。本试验研究表明,紫锥菊提取物能显著的提高大菱鲆的非特异性免疫功能,且以注射浓度40mg/m L的效果最好。     

基于矢耳石形态的平鲉属鱼类鉴别及研究方法比较

分析了青岛胶州湾铠平鲉(Sebastes hubbsi)、花斑平鲉(Sebastes nigricans)和许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii) 3种平鲉属鱼类的矢耳石形态特征,探究基于矢耳石形态鉴别3种鱼类的可行性.以8个耳石形状指标和37个椭圆傅里叶系数进行的单因素方差分析结果基本一致,显示铠平鲉与许氏平鲉的耳石形态差异最大,铠平鲉与花斑平鲉间差异最小.利用耳石形状指标、椭圆傅里叶系数、耳石形状指标与椭圆傅里叶系数相结合的方法,对3种鱼类的综合判别率均可达95%以上,判别分析散点图可明显将3种鱼类区分开.耳石长介于4~7 mm的3种鱼类小规格组与2龄及以上成鱼组耳石样本的判别结果一致,表明针对不同发育阶段平鲉属鱼类,基于耳石形态的种类鉴别均是可行的;仅使用椭圆傅里叶系数鉴别3种鱼类时综合判别率虽高达100%,但难以快速定位3种鱼类耳石形态间,在统计上差异显著而实际上微小的形状差异所在;而使用耳石形状指标和椭圆傅里叶系数联合判别,综合判别率亦高达99%,且能快速找出3种鱼类耳石在矩形趋近率、形态因子、面密度等的形态差异.研究表明,耳石形状指标和椭圆傅里叶分析联合判别是平鲉属鱼类种类鉴别及耳石形态差异分析的有效手段.