Improved k-means and spectral matching for hyperspectral mineral mapping

Mineral mapping is an important step for the development and utilization of mineral resources. The emergence of remote sensing technology, especially hyperspectral imagery, has paved a new approach to geological mapping. The k-means clustering algorithm is a classical approach to classifying hyperspectral imagery, but the influence of mixed pixels and noise mean that it usually has poor mineral mapping accuracy. In this study, the mapping accuracy of the k-means algorithm was improved in three ways: similarity measurement methods that are insensitive to dimensions are used instead of the Euclidean distance for clustering; the spectral absorption features of minerals are enhanced; and the mineral mapping results are combined as the number of cluster centers (K) is incremented from 1. The improved algorithm is used with combined spectral matching to match the clustering results with a spectral library. A case study on Cuprite, Nevada, demonstrated that the improved k-means algorithm can identify most minerals with the kappa value of over 0.8, which is 46% and 15% higher than the traditional k-means and spectral matching technology. New mineral types are more likely to be found with increasing K. When K is much greater than the number of mineral types, the accuracy is improved, and the mineral mapping results are independent of the similarity measurement method. The improved k-means algorithm can also effectively remove speckle noise from the mineral mapping results and be used to identify other objects.     

页岩容量法等温吸附实验中异常现象分析

在容量法对页岩的等温吸附实验测试中,发现随压力增加吸附量呈现减小趋势,甚至出现负吸附量,测得的吸附常数Langmuir体积和Langmuir压力出现负值,与实际不相符,造成实验结果和吸附常数失去应用价值。从页岩吸附测试方法、吸附测试仪器等方面系统分析了容量法页岩吸附实验出现\     

流体包裹体压力计研究之一:高温高压下Na2SO4溶液的拉曼光谱

用金刚石压腔研究了Na2SO4溶液在温度30~400℃、压力90~2400 MPa条件下的拉曼光谱特征。结果表明:温度相同时,SO42-的对称伸缩振动随压力增大向高频方向偏移;而在压力基本相同时,随温度升高则向低频方向偏移。经过数据拟合得到了SO42-对称伸缩振动的拉曼位移与温度、压力的关系为:ρ=190.44Δυp 0.002 7t2 2.901 9t-111.68。该公式可以用来作为流体包裹体的压力计。     

新一代试样分解技术—微波溶样的现状与展望

本文通过回顾新一代试样分解技术－微波溶样的发展过程，在详述微波密封溶解优点的基础上，研讨了微波溶样的原理和有关设备的选择与设计，本文还评述了这一新技术的应用现状并展望该技术在分析领域中今后的发展前景。     

南极长城站潮间带丝藻和底栖硅藻色素组成和吸收光谱的分析

本文对 1 989年 2月采集长城站前高潮区岩石上附着的丝藻 ,以及在中潮区小石块和水沼边生长的底栖硅藻 ,进行吸收光谱分析、分离。鉴定出底栖硅藻的色素种类有 6种 ,它们分别是胡萝卜素、叶绿素 a、岩藻黄质、叶绿酸、新黄素、叶绿素 c。丝藻的色素种类有 9种 ,分别为胡萝卜素、脱镁叶绿素 a、叶绿素 a、叶绿素 b、叶绿酸、脱酯基叶绿酸、新黄素、叶绿素 c和脱镁叶绿素 c。潮间带底栖硅藻和丝藻有各自特定的吸收光谱 ,它们所含色素种类也有明显差异。藻类色素对不同波长光的吸收能力是不同的 ,因此可以利用吸收光谱来鉴定藻类的种类     

燃烧氧化-非色散红外吸收法测定海水中溶解有机碳

采用燃烧氧化-非色散红外吸收法测定了海水中的溶解有机碳.结果表明,标准曲线的线性较好,精密度较高,方法检出限为0.024 mg/L;所测海水样DOC质量浓度的最高值为3.95 mg·L-1,最小值为1.47 mg·L-1;采样点距离海岸越远,DOC质量浓度越低.海水样品置于4 ℃下冷藏保存,滴加饱和HgCl2溶液的水样,其保存效果要好于不加饱和HgCl2溶液的水样,且在55 d内,其DOC质量浓度基本上没有发生变化.     

金刚石压腔（DAC）技术及其在地球科学中的应用

近几十年来金刚石压腔（DAC）技术被广泛应用于高温高压实验研究领域,它可以达到550 GPa的压力和6 000 K的温度。与其他静高压实验技术（大压力机、高压釜等）相比,金刚石压腔具有独特的优势,它不仅可以进行极端温压条件下物质的结构性质、相变及状态方程等研究,而且可以原位观测整个实验过程。文中简述了金刚石压腔装置的结构及温压测量方法,然后分别从物质相变、矿物溶解度、流体性质和组成、油气成因、稳定同位素分馏系数和布里渊声学测量等方面简要介绍了金刚石压腔技术在地球科学中的研究进展。随着实验技术的不断发展和更新,金刚石压腔技术将具有更广阔的应用前景。     

Research on coda Q distribution in Beijing and its surrounding regions

Based on the single scattering model of seismic coda waves, we have calculated theQ-factor in Beijing and its surrounding regions by means of calculating the power density spectrum in frequency domain with a fixed time window. The digital seismic data of 69 earthquakes from Beijing Telemetered Seismographic Network are used. These earthquakes were recorded from January 1, 1989 to December 31, 1990 at 20 stations. This paper shows the variations of the codaQ-factors in the studied region with different sites, frequency and lapse time, and the temporal change of the codaQ-factors in these two years. The results indicate that codaQ-factor depends strongly on the lapse time and frequency. It is assumed that whenQ _C=Q ₀f^η, for the three time windows of 15–30s, 30–60s and 60–90s, the average values ofQ ₀ are 48, 115 and 217; and the average values ofη are 0. 89, 0.91 and 0.74, respectively. Contribution No. 95A0009, Institute of Geophysics, SSB, China. This work is a contract subject 85-04-01-02 of the State Seismological Bureau, China.     

岩石矿物中锂、铷、铯的原子吸收光谱法测定

文献报道的测定岩石矿物中锂、铷、铯的方法都是在硫酸或硝酸介质中做的,该介质只能测定这三种元素,这不能满足在同一试液中测定多种元素的需要。本文选用盐酸作为测定介质,不但可以取分液测定锂、铷、铯,还可以直接或另取分液加入干扰抑制剂测定其它元素。该法灵敏准确,精密度好,选择性高。一般熔物都是盐酸浸取,正好与本实验介质一致,因此不需另制专用试液。简化了分析手续,扩大了元素的分析范围。