土地财政如何影响土地利用效率?——基于规模与技术视角的动态空间杜宾模型检验

中国的土地财政体现了增长目标短期化下的发展模式。考虑到土地财政对土地利用效率的影响具有系统性、复杂性的特征,本文将土地利用效率分解为土地规模效率和土地技术效率,并基于2004—2017年中国281个地级及以上城市数据,运用空间杜宾模型对其影响机理与空间溢出效应进行实证检验。结果表明：① 土地财政与土地规模效率之间具有“倒U型”特征。无论是短期还是长期,土地财政对土地规模效率均存在显著的“由促转抑”的直接影响和空间溢出效应,并且长期效应较之短期更明显。② 土地财政与土地技术效率之间存在“正U型”关系。无论是短期还是长期,土地财政对土地技术效率均存在显著的“由抑转促”的直接影响和空间溢出效应,并且这种促进作用是财政科技支出所致,尤其是长期效应较之短期更明显。③ 房地产投资在土地财政影响土地规模效率中的调节效应为负,在土地财政影响土地技术效率中的调节效应为正;产业结构升级在土地财政影响土地利用效率中的调节效应为正。以上研究结论为优化土地财政收支、加强土地产权保护、健全官员长效考核制度、加快产业结构转型升级以及消化房地产过度繁荣带来的发展压力等提供了经验证据。     

中国城市土地绿色利用效率驱动因素及空间分异

以2009—2018年中国285个地级及以上城市为研究对象,测算各城市的城市土地绿色利用效率,对其驱动因素的空间异质性进行探究与分区。结果表明：① 城市土地绿色利用效率总体呈波动上升趋势,集聚特征显著,省际、省内差异明显;区域上,呈现西部＞东部＞中部的格局;规模等级上,随着城市规模等级降低而递增。② 城市土地绿色利用效率是众多因素交互驱动的结果,且各驱动因素均具有明显的空间异质性特征,呈现出空间带状或片状分布规律。③ 根据城市土地绿色利用效率驱动因素的空间异质性特征,可划分为产业结构高级化、环境规制和科技投入水平主导的东南地区;生态资源禀赋主导的华北地区;经济发展水平、城市空间集聚主导的西南地区;土地市场化主导的西北地区;人口集聚、土地财政、基础设施水平主导的东北地区。未来应因城施策、因地制宜,采取差异化的措施来提升城市土地绿色利用效率。     

中国高端技术产品出口效率的空间集聚及影响因素

通过构建“多投入-多产出”出口效率测度模型,探讨了2001—2019年中国对49个主要贸易伙伴高端技术产品出口效率的时空分异特征及驱动因素。研究发现：① 中国高端技术产品出口效率整体呈增长趋势,国别间差距逐渐缩小。② 中国高端技术产品出口效率的空间格局明显存在空间集聚特征,高-高型国家集聚于“一带一路”沿线地区并向西蔓延,而低-低型国家分布范围逐年缩小。③ 双边贸易关系对中国高端技术产品出口效率的影响存在空间溢出效应,中国对贸易互竞国家高端技术产品的出口效率要比其对贸易互补国家的出口效率低0.017%,而对贸易互竞国家的邻近国高端技术产品出口效率要比其对贸易互补国家的邻近国出口效率高0.088%。④ 管制性制度差异对出口效率存在直接促进作用,而经济自由度差异对出口效率整体上有阻滞（负溢出）作用。     

干旱灾害对农业技术效率的影响

干旱是影响农业生产最主要的自然灾害,探究干旱灾害对农业技术效率的影响机理,明晰灌溉水平与二者之间的逻辑关系,具有重要意义。基于全国27个省份2006—2020年的面板数据,运用随机前沿生产函数（SFA）模型测算农业技术效率,探讨农业技术效率的时空分布特征。在此基础上,采用固定效应和面板门槛回归模型,验证干旱灾害、灌溉水平与农业技术效率三者之间的关系。结果表明：农业技术效率总体呈现上升趋势,年均增长率达到1.09%,技术效率空间分布存在较大差异,西北和华北农业技术效率较低,华东和华中技术效率较高。干旱灾害对农业技术效率有显著负向影响,灌溉水平有利于农业技术效率的提升。当灌溉水平超过38.88%的门槛值时,会缓解干旱灾害对农业技术效率的负向影响。     

新型城镇化对旅游效率的空间溢出与门槛效应

以2001—2019年中国30个省（市、区）为研究样本,利用熵值法和Bootstrap-DEA模型对其新型城镇化水平和旅游效率进行测度,继而借助双变量LISA模型考察二者的空间关联特征,并采用空间杜宾模型和门槛模型等方法,探析新型城镇化对旅游效率的空间效应及其动态非线性影响。研究表明：1）研究期内中国新型城镇化水平和旅游效率呈现不同程度的波动提升态势,中、西部地区增幅最大;两者分别呈现东部＞中部＞西部＞东北部以及中部＞东部＞西部＞东北部的空间分异特征。2）新型城镇化和旅游效率存在正向空间关联性,局部空间聚类以H-H型、L-L型为主;新型城镇化对旅游效率具有正向直接效应与负向空间溢出效应。3）在旅游产业地位这一门槛变量的作用下,新型城镇化对旅游效率的正向影响存在双重门槛特征。     

绿色创新效率与生态治理绩效耦合协调的时空分异及响应——以长江经济带108个城市为例

基于改进的SFA模型对长江经济带108个城市2004—2016年的绿色创新效率与生态治理绩效值进行测度,借助耦合协调模型及探索性空间数据分析法对两系统的耦合协调度和时空分异特征进行分析,进而运用PVAR模型考察其响应关系。结果表明:①2004—2016年两系统整体处于初级协调阶段,未来仍有较大提升空间;空间上自东向西梯度递减,高协调区集中在东部城市;②两系统的耦合协调度具有空间正关联性,低-低集聚城市数多于高-高集聚,协调发展领先城市对周边城市的辐射带动作用较弱;③生态治理绩效对绿色创新效率响应较弱,而绿色创新效率对生态治理绩效响应则较强,且二者均对自身依赖较强,未来优化其互动机制应是长江经济带高质量发展的重点。     

TROPICAL CYCLONE GENESIS EFFICIENCY：MID-LEVEL VERSUS BOTTOM VORTEX

Cloud resolving Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model simulations are used to investigate tropical cyclone(TC)genesis efficiency in an environment with a near bottom vortex(EBV)and an environment with a mid-level vortex(EMV).Sensitivity experiments show that the genesis timing depends greatly on initial vorticity vertical profiles.The larger the initial column integrated absolute vorticity,the greater the genesis efficiency is.Given the same column integrated absolute vorticity,a bottom vortex has higher genesis efficiency than a mid-level vortex.A common feature among these experiments is the formation of a mid-level vorticity maximum prior to TC genesis irrespective where the initial vorticity maximum locates.Both the EMV and EBV scenarios share the following development characteristics:1)a transition from non-organized cumulus-scale(~5 km)convective cells into an organized meso-vortex-scale(~50 to 100 km)system through upscale cascade processes,2)the establishment of a nearly saturated air column prior to a rapid drop of the central minimum pressure,and 3)a multiple convective-stratiform phase transition.A genesis efficiency index(GEI)is formulated that includes the following factors:initial column integrated absolute vorticity,vorticity at top of the boundary layer and vertically integrated relative humidity.The calculated GEI reflects well the simulated genesis efficiency and thus may be used to estimate how fast a tropical disturbance develops into a TC.     

Kyoto flexibility mechanisms in EU accession countries: will they make a difference?

What potential effect do flexible mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol have on energy efficiency, fuel switching and the development of renewable energy sources for the eight post-communist EU Member States that accessed in 2004? These countries are chief candidates for hosting Joint Implementation (JI) projects and for participating in international emission trading, which may assist the implementation and financing of projects in these target areas. The potentials and barriers to Joint Implementation are reviewed, as well as the conditions under which international emission trading can influence the energy use of the selling country. Different strategies adopted by the host countries towards the application of these instruments, and their impact on sustainable energy development, are examined. The article concludes that the Kyoto flexibility mechanisms may play a positive, but rather limited, role in the sustainable energy development of the region, but the barriers to Joint Implementation may shift the emphasis towards transactions under the framework of international emission trading. If innovative mechanisms are tied to sustainable development goals, this may mobilize the energyefficiency potentials of these countries. An attractive opportunity exists to achieve energy efficiency and emission reductions, utilizing the revenues from allowance sales through ‘green investment’ schemes.     

Influences of international agricultural trade on the global phosphorus cycle and its associated issues

Industrial phosphorus (P) fertilizer has substantially improved global food production, but has also led to environmental impacts. Intensive global agricultural trade has increased and the impacts of trade on aggravating or alleviating future P scarcity must be examined, especially for the most vulnerable countries. We combined data to estimate the global P trade among countries and its impacts on global P flows, based on global agricultural trade, cropland soil P budgets and crop P fertilizer footprints (the amount of industrial P fertilizer applied for producing one unit of P in the harvested crop). The global agricultural P trade represented a fraction of 16% of P in harvested crops in 2014, half of which was exported from the United States of America, Brazil and the European Union and one fifth imported by China. Virtual P fertilizer flows (about 2.60 Tg P y^-1) referred to industrial P fertilizers applied to traded crops by exporting countries; thus, 1/3 of global virtual P fertilizer flows were associated with the international soybean trade. P use efficiency (PUE), the ratio of the harvested crop-P to the total external P inputs, is a larger problem for tropical than temperate countries. Global crop trade had brought in a net 0.2 Tg P y^-1 savings of industrial P fertilizers globally, compared to crop production in export and import countries. >0.50 Tg y^-1 of the gross global accumulation of soil P and P in freshwater were associated with global agricultural trade. Global PUE, however, could be improved considerably, and thus global cooperation and improving PUE could help to solve the problem of future P scarcity. Vulnerable countries should also propose urgent national plans to address their own situations of P scarcity or low PUE.     

2.5~2.7 GHz高效率低谐波失真的功率放大器

基于InGaP/GaAs HBT工艺设计了一款工作频段为2.5~2.7 GHz的高效率低谐波失真的功率放大器.该功放通过在输出匹配网络中引入多个LC谐振网络组合有效抑制了在负载处的高次谐波能量,进而提高了效率.仿真结果表明,该功率放大器在4.5 V的供电电压下,可以在2.5~2.7 GHz工作频率范围内实现37.6 dB的高增益输出,饱和输出功率可达32 dBm以及对应大于36%的功率附加效率（PAE）,二次和三次谐波都小于-60 dBc.