哈尔滨市地下水污染特征与水质净化作用研究

松花江哈尔滨江段水质污染较重,是否可能通过入渗补给影响哈尔滨市区地下水的水质?为此,分别对松花江哈尔滨江段和哈尔滨市地下含水层的污染特征与各自的净化能力进行了分析研究.结果表明,两者的净化能力均很强,并可不断地得以自然恢复。净化作用主要表现为稀释、吸附、过滤等.保持这种自然净化能力,对保护哈尔滨市地下含水层的优良水质有十分重要的作用。     

Crystal chemistry of ferric iron in (Mg,Fe)(Si,Al)O<Subscript>3</Subscript> majorite with implications for the transition zone

Fifteen samples of (Mg,Fe)SiO₃ majorite with varying Fe/Mg composition and one sample of (Mg,Fe)(Si,Al)O₃ majorite were synthesized at high pressure and temperature under different conditions of oxygen fugacity using a multianvil press, and examined ex situ using X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer and optical absorption spectroscopy. The relative concentration of Fe³⁺ increases both with total iron content and increasing oxygen fugacity, but not with Al concentration. Optical absorption spectra indicate the presence of Fe²⁺–Fe³⁺ charge transfer, where band intensity increases with increasing Fe³⁺ concentration. Mössbauer data were used in conjunction with electron microprobe analyses to determine the site distribution of all cations. Both Al and Fe³⁺ substitute on the octahedral site, and charge balance occurs through the removal of Si. The degree of Mg/Si ordering on the octahedral sites in (Mg,Fe)SiO₃ majorite, which affects both the c/a ratio and the unit cell volume, is influenced by the thermal history of the sample. The Fe³⁺ concentration of (Mg,Fe)(Si,Al)O₃ majorite in the mantle will reflect prevailing redox conditions, which are believed to be relatively reducing in the transition zone. Exchange of material across the transition boundary to (Mg,Fe) (Si,Al)O₃ perovskite would then require a mechanism to oxidize sufficient iron to satisfy crystal-chemical requirements of the lower-mantle perovskite phase.     

松辽盆地页岩油勘探大口径取心技术

大口径取心技术为页岩油勘探提供了准确可靠的岩心地质资料,本文主要介绍了川7-4型、KT-194型大口径常规取心钻具和ZYVC型大口径密闭取心钻具的技术参数以及这3种取心钻具在松页油2井大口径取心中的应用情况,通过对取心钻具、取心钻头、取心钻进参数的调整和改进,机械钻速大幅度提高,岩心质量优良,提高了钻进效率,为页岩油勘探取心提供了丰富经验和技术方法。     

芦岭井田单煤层产气潜力定量评价

芦岭井田10号煤煤储层资料缺乏,通过常规方法难以进行产气潜力评价,采用临储压差、临废压差、有效解吸量、不同解吸阶段煤层气解吸效率等指标,建立单煤层产气潜力评价标准,评价10号煤层的产气潜能并通过工程实践进行验证。结果表明,芦岭井田10号煤层的有效解吸量达到了5. 59m^3,具有良好的产气潜能。10号煤层气生产经历快速解吸、敏感解吸两个阶段,最大解吸效率为5. 43～4. 28 m^3/t·MPa,能够达到工业气流的下限标准。     

土壤铁锰氧化物形态测定及吸附Sb(Ⅲ)的主控因子研究

研究影响土壤吸附Sb(Ⅲ)的主控因子对土壤锑污染的评价、预警及修复具有重要意义。本文采用化学法、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法和原子荧光光谱法测定了10个不同地区土壤的理化性质和机械组成、主要化学组成,采用原子吸收光谱法测定了土壤铁锰氧化物的不同形态以及土壤对Sb(Ⅲ)的饱和吸附容量, 并开展了土壤对Sb(Ⅲ)的饱和吸附容量和土壤理化性质、机械组成、铁锰氧化物及其形态的相关性分析、主成分分析和因子分析。在研究土壤吸附Sb(Ⅲ)的影响因素基础上,进一步研究其主控因子。结果表明,10个不同性质的土壤对Sb(Ⅲ)饱和吸附容量介于0.63~3.98mg/g之间,与土壤类型有关,其大小顺序为：红壤＞棕壤＞黄壤＞褐土＞沙土。土壤对Sb(Ⅲ)饱和吸附容量与阳离子交换容量(CEC)、氧化铁总量、无定形铁含量呈极显著正相关,与游离铁含量、无定形锰含量以及游离锰含量呈显著正相关。主成分分析和因子分析结果表明土壤中6个因子是影响土壤吸附Sb(Ⅲ)的主控因子,影响力大小为：氧化铁总量＞CEC＞无定形铁含量＞游离铁含量＞无定形锰含量＞游离锰含量。铁锰氧化物及其形态显著影响土壤吸附Sb(Ⅲ)。     

天然热释光测量方法在地质找矿中的应用

天然热释光测量方法是近几年发展起来的寻找隐伏铀矿体的方法。同时也是一种新的地质研究手段。经多种类型铀矿床的试验结果表明,该方法能有效地发现埋深几十米至二百多米深的盲矿体。此外,还可划分复式岩体不同侵入期和确定其侵入时代;区分产铀岩体与非产铀岩体;划分硅化带中各期石英岩的先后活动序次,进而确定与矿化有关的断裂带及各种热液铀矿脉的成矿时代。     

煤成烃生成及排驱加水热模拟实验

用加水热模拟实验对采于我国胜利油田附近的石炭系太原组亮褐煤（R0＝0．56%）生烃潜力进行研究。煤样富含镜质组（74．5%）,壳质组少（8．8%）,惰性组占16．7%,其中镜质组以富氢的基质镜质体为主。煤样裂隙发育,形成于滨海沼泽相沉积环境。实验设200℃、230℃、260℃、290℃、320℃和350℃六个温度点,每个温度点加热72小时。实验结果表明该煤具有较高的生烃潜力和排油效率。其液态烃大量生成和排出始于R0＝0．76%（290℃）,在R0＝1．18%（320℃）时达高峰。气态产物从R0＝1．18%大量形成,直到R0＝1．53%（350℃）继续增大。实验分析认为煤的生烃能力除了与其有机质类型、有机质丰度等有关外,还与其形成的沉积环境有关,缺氧的还原环境是煤作为烃源岩形成和保存的有利沉积环境。裂隙的发育有助于煤成油的排驱和运移。     

Experimental and theoretical study of the structural environment of magnesium in minerals and silicate glasses using X-ray absorption near-edge structure

X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Mg K-edge is used to obtain information on magnesium environment in minerals, silicate and alumino-silicate glasses. First-principles XANES calculations are performed for minerals using a plane-wave density functional formalism with core-hole effects treated in a supercell approach. The good agreement obtained between experimental and theoretical spectra provides useful information to interpret the spectral features. With the help of calculation, the position of the first peak of XANES spectra is related to both coordination and polyhedron distortion changes. In alumino-silicate glasses, magnesium is found to be mainly 5-fold coordinated to oxygen whatever the aluminum saturation index value. In silicate glasses, magnesium coordination increases from 4 in Cs-, Rb- and K-bearing glasses to 5 in Na- and Li-bearing glasses but remains equal as the polymerization degree of the glass varies. The variation of the C feature (position and intensity) is strongly related to the alkali type providing information on the medium range order.

Immobilization of Cu and As in two contaminated soils with zero-valent iron – Long-term performance and mechanisms

Immobilization of trace elements in contaminated soils by zero-valent iron (ZVI) is a promising remediation method, but questions about its long-term performance remain unanswered. To quantify immobilization and predict possible contaminant remobilization on long timescales detailed knowledge about immobilization mechanisms is needed. This study aimed at assessing the long-term effect of ZVI amendments on dissolved copper and arsenic in contaminated soils, at exploring the immobilization mechanism(s), and at setting up a geochemical model able to estimate dissolved copper and arsenic under different scenarios. Samples from untreated and ZVI-treated plots in two field experiments where ZVI had been added 6 and 15 years ago were investigated by a combination of batch experiments, geochemical modeling and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. Dissolved copper and arsenic concentrations were described by a multisurface geochemical model with surface complexation reactions, verified by EXAFS. The ZVI remained “reactive” after 6–15 years, i.e. the dissolved concentrations of copper and arsenic were lower in the ZVI-treated than in the untreated soils. There was a shift in copper speciation from organic matter complexes in the untreated soil to surface complexes with iron (hydr)oxides in the ZVI-treated soil. The pH value was important for copper immobilization and ZVI did not have a stabilizing effect if pH was lower than about 6. Immobilization of arsenic was slightly pH-dependent and sensitive to the competition with phosphate. If phosphate was ignored in the modeling, the dissolution of arsenate was greatly underestimated.     

湘西多民族山区耕地利用效率空间差异分析

以县域为单元, 基于各行政区域2001-2010年的统计数据, 从耕地资源量、耕地集约利用水平、粮耕弹性系数3方面选取10项指标, 构建了耕地利用效率评价指标体系, 并引入"年变化率"的概念与方法, 对湘西多民族山区2001-2010年耕地利用效率的空间差异进行了分析. 结果表明: 总体而言, 湘西多民族山区耕地利用效率比较低, 近年虽有好转迹象, 但县域间的协调度仍处于基本协调或不协调状态. 耕地利用效率的年变化率为21%, 各单项指标的年变化率亦存在较大波动. 在影响耕地利用效率各因子中, 粮食单产、土地产出均为高度相关因素, 而耕地总面积的关联度排在最后. 从空间上看, 湘西北部以及东部地区耕地利用的空间分异较小, 而西部、中部和南部地区的空间分异较大, 可划分为高效高度协调型、高效基本协调型、高效不协调型、中效基本协调型、中效不协调型和低效不协调型等六类地区.