西沙群岛海洋硅藻的研究──Ⅰ．双眉藻属Amphora Ehrenberg二新种和在我国的新记录

在西沙群岛湖间带底栖硅藻的研究中发现了２个新种。Ａｍｐｈｏｒａｐｕｎｃｔａｔａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ，Ａｍｐｈｏｒａｍｉｃｒｏｍｅｔｒｏｉｄｅｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ，１个待定种和Ａｍ．ａｆ．ｃａｓｔｅｌｌａｔａ等１４个新记录。     

南日群岛东部海域岩芯沉积物有机碳含量和δ13CTOC值的变化特征及古气候环境意义

2008年在南日群岛东部海域用钻机采集长度为1 004 cm的岩芯样品,测试沉积物中总有机碳（TOC）含量、稳定碳同位素比值（δ13CTOC）、碳氮比值（C/N）、碳酸盐含量以及14C数据,分析其垂直剖面上的变化特征,阐明其沉积环境和古气候的指示意义.沉积物TOC含量变化范围为0.44%～0.74%,垂直剖面上总体显示出末次冰期和全新世中期TOC含量较高,全新世早期相对稳定,而全新世中后期TOC波动范围明显增大.C/N值在5.3～14.9之间变化,平均值为8.1;δ13CTOC值范围为-23.07‰～-21.04‰,表明沉积物中的有机质以海洋自生为主,同时混有部分陆源有机质.碳酸盐含量在3.3%～10.9%之间.TOC含量、C/N比值、δ13CTOC值在岩芯垂直剖面上具有很好的相关性.14C测年数据以及各要素测值在垂直剖面上的变化特征表明：自11 250 aBP以来该海域附近古气候有可能经历了以下4个演化阶段：①11 500～9 000 aBP期间气候寒冷、海平面下降,采样点可能为浅水区或潮间带;②9 000～8 000 aBP期间为升温期,气候由寒冷转向温暖;③8 000～4 300 aBP期间,为相对稳定的暖湿期,在后期气候出现小幅的波动;④4 300 aBP至今,气候进入明显的周期性波动期,暖湿和干冷气候多次交替变化;4 300～3 000 aBP期间为相对寒冷的时期;3 000～1 800 aBP期间为较稳定温暖期,1 800～1 000 aBP期间气温快速降低,标志着研究区进入一个新的寒冷阶段,但是自1 000 aBP以来,气候又再次出现转暖的趋势.     

西沙群岛海洋资源调查评估与南海渔业开发维权

海洋移动自主观测平台在海洋观测技术中越来越为人们所倚重,发达国家相继投入了大量的研究和部署.研究一种具有全天候、长续航力的海洋移动自主观测平台是当前一系列海洋装备中的研究热点和未来趋势,尤其是最近5年,这项工作更是达到了新的高度.针对长续航力海洋移动自主观测平台的特征,文中将其分为长续航力自主潜航器系列和水下滑翔机系列两大类,结合其共性问题分析了世界各国的研究现状,并对其未来发展趋势作了展望,最后简要讨论了这些平台未来发展中的关键技术.     

南沙群岛与西沙群岛及其邻近海域海洋底栖生物种类对比

南沙群岛和西沙群岛是我国南海最大的两个群岛。解放后，我国海洋生物工作者对两个群岛进行了多次考察，记录描述了大量海洋生物种类(包括新的分类单元)。近年来以中国科学院为主的我国海洋科学工作者对南沙群岛进行了重点考察，获得了很多重要资料和生物样品，但很多分类学专家却认为对南沙群岛的样品采集和分类学研究还很肤浅，远未达到对西沙群岛的采集和研究深度，这是因为南沙群岛已发现的种类在某些类群上少于西沙群岛，因此被认为南沙群岛的物种多样性程度不如西沙群岛。作者为了解目前两群岛海洋生物的物种研究状况，根据现有资料，对两群岛已描述的底栖生物种类作了比较，为今后加强对南海珊瑚礁的保护提供科学依据。     

Effects of the Anticyclonic Eddies on Water Masses, Chemical Parameters and Chlorophyll Distributions in the Oyashio Current Region

Data from the R/V Mirai cruise (May–June 2000) have been examined to discover how mesoscale processes associated with eddy dynamics direct affect the water masses, the distributions and the vertical fluxes of the dissolved oxygen, nutrients and dissolved inorganic carbon in the western subarctic Pacific. Using maps of the temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, chlorophyll and sea-air pCO₂ difference we show that the boundaries of the anticyclone eddies in the study region were composed of high productivity coastal Oyashio water. The coastal waters were wrapped around the anticyclone eddies (thus creating a high productivity belt) and intruded inside of them. Using SeaWifs data we demonstrate that temporal variations in the position and the strength of anticyclone eddies advected the Kuril island coastal high productivity waters to the pelagic part, resulting in temporal variations of the chlorophyll in the Oyashio region. Computed vertical fluxes of the dissolved oxygen (DO), inorganic carbon (DIC) and silicate show that the anticylonic eddies in the Kuroshio-Oyashio Zone are characterized by enhanced vertical fluxes of the DO and DIC between the upper (σ_θ = 26.7–27.0) and lower (σ_θ = 27.1–27.5) intermediate layer, probably due to the intrusions of the Oyashio waters into the eddies. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

南海礼乐盆地新生代构造热演化特征及其影响因素

为深入认识新生代礼乐盆地的热体制特征,利用耦合岩石圈变形、热演化和沉积过程的热力学数值模型,重建了8条骨干剖面的构造热演化史,并对主要构造单元的热体制进行了分析.结果表明：张裂阶段,热流总体上随时间增加,张裂结束时,海底热流一般介于70~80 mW·m^-2,基底浅埋区热流高于邻近凹陷区内热流;裂后阶段,非礁体发育区热流逐渐降低,现今海底热流一般介于65~70 mW·m^-2,局部区域热流因岩体侵位而有所增高,礁体发育区受到礁体与周围海水热交换的影响,海底热流降低或为负值,而基底热流可以达到70 mW·m^-2左右.进一步分析表明,礼乐盆地新生代热体制主要是在古近纪岩石圈强烈减薄基础上,叠加了晚期岩浆侵位、基底起伏、沉积过程以及海底地形等局部因素影响的结果,礁体发育区热体制还受到礁体与周围海水热交换的影响;盆地凹陷中心区生油门限深度一般介于2000~2500 mbsf,门限温度介于90~110℃;礁体发育区生油门限深度明显大于邻近的北1凹陷沉积中心区.

     

风成碳酸盐岩的全球分布及其对西沙的启示

风成碳酸盐岩作为一种独特的海岸地貌在全球中纬度地区广泛分布,在全球气候分带上多属于气压带与风带交替控制的地中海气候、热带草原和热带沙漠气候区,与全球气候带的吻合较好。风成碳酸盐岩在各个时代均可发育,但以第四纪更新世风成碳酸盐岩最为常见。风成碳酸盐岩的发育主要受气候背景的影响,还受海岸地貌背景及浅海碳酸盐岩生产力的制约,并与全球海平面变化关系密切,相对而言在海平面高位期发育更好。西沙石岛更新世风成碳酸盐岩是热带海洋季风气候背景下发育起来的少数实例之一,是东亚季风的产物。石岛风成碳酸盐岩的存在可能反映了该区晚更新世相对干旱的气候条件。石岛风成碳酸盐岩与古土壤的旋回变化可能反映了气候背景的干湿变化或海平面的波动,其成因机理的深入揭示对南海西北部东亚季风及古海洋的变化研究具有重要的价值。     

Derelict fishing gear in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands: diving surveys and debris removal in 1999 confirm threat to coral reef ecosystems

Marine debris threatens Northwestern Hawaiian Islands' (NWHI) coral reef ecosystems. Debris, a contaminant, entangles and kills endangered Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi), coral, and other wildlife. We describe a novel multi-agency effort using divers to systematically survey and remove derelict fishing gear from two NWHI in 1999. 14 t of derelict fishing gear were removed and debris distribution, density, type and fouling level documented at Lisianski Island and Pearl and Hermes Atoll. Reef debris density ranged from 3.4 to 62.2 items/km². Trawl netting was the most frequent debris type encountered (88%) and represented the greatest debris component recovered by weight (35%), followed by monofilament gillnet (34%), and maritime line (23%). Most debris recovered, 72%, had light or no fouling, suggesting debris may have short oceanic circulation histories. Our study demonstrates that derelict fishing gear poses a persistent threat to the coral reef ecosystems of the Hawaiian Archipelago.     

Coral reefs of the Glorieuses Islands,western Indian Ocean

The benthic fauna on reefs around the Glorieuses Islands, a small and protected Indian Ocean archipelago northwest of Madagascar, was surveyed in November 2015, focusing particularly on the orders Alcyonacea (soft corals and gorgonians) and Scleractinia (stony corals). The species richness of both groups was rather low for a protected, relatively pristine environment in the region. Though certain soft ‘fugitive’ alcyonacean species were noticeably abundant, other soft corals were rare. Sediment-tolerant faviid corals were abundant among the scleractinians. The sediment around the reefs was fine-grained and white, and appeared to be derived from abundant green macroalgae Halimeda and coralline seaweeds. The abundance of these, in turn, might have been attributable to nutrient enrichment from guano deposited on one of the islands by migratory seabirds, causing the aforementioned anomalies in coral biodiversity and abundance.     

An unusual ‘blood rain’ over the Canary Islands (Spain). The storm of January 1999

An intense storm, including strong winds, a dust storm, ‘blood rain’ and heavy rains affected the Canary Archipelago between 5 and 10 January 1999, producing damage valued at 156 million euros. The present paper analyses the weather conditions and sedimentological features of the dust. The resulting data provide a possible explanation of palaeoclimatic conditions essential for the stabilization of sand dunes in the eastern parts of the Canary Islands.