循环载荷下饱和岩石的摩擦阻力研究

在循环载荷下岩石发生应力-应变的非线性弹性行为是普遍的,孔隙流体、载荷频率、围压、层理方向是造成岩石应力应变滞后、能量衰减、刚性变化等特征的重要外部变量。基于来自大庆、南京、合肥等地的砂岩样品,利用电液闭环伺服控制压机系统,开展了不同饱和流体砂岩的应力-应变滞回曲线、不同载荷频率和饱和流体对岩石的衰减、不同层理方向加载和卸载对岩石杨氏模量影响的实验对比研究,阐明了饱和岩石的非线性响应特征,揭示了外界影响因素对岩石产生非线性形变的作用机制,探讨了岩石内部触面间摩擦阻力在岩石发生非线性形变过程中发挥的媒介作用,并推断接触面颗粒之间的摩擦阻力可能是导致岩石发生衰减、滞后等非线性行为的内在因素。本研究拟通过岩石内部小尺度的摩擦作用与构造尺度断层面上的摩擦滑移相似性,来揭示地震发生时岩体失稳的动力学过程。     

春季生殖真鲷仔、稚、幼鱼的摄食与生长

１９９６年５￣６月份在本院海水育苗试验场对人工培养的春季生殖真鲷仔、稚、幼鱼的摄食和生长特性进行分析,旨在为该种群早期发育阶段的生物学积累资料,并为开展大批量苗种生产提供依据。结果表明,在水温在２３℃时,仔鱼约经５５￣６０ｈ左右开口摄食,开口饵料为小型臂尾轮虫。以后随着鱼体的生长（〉１０ｍｍ）,摄食桡足类的比例迅速增加。对２８５尾仔、稚、幼鱼观察,在实验条件下,其摄食率达１００％。摄食量约占体重的     

Harmful Ciliates and Dominant Genus in Culture Ponds of Young Abalone

By using the methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis, the species composition and dominant genus of harmful, ciliates in young abalone culture ponds are studied. Totally 68 species of ciliates, belonging to 3 classes, 16 orders and 46 genus, are found. The dominant ciliate species are Aspidisca leptaspis, Vorticella sp. and Euplotes rariseta. During the young abalone cultivation, the numbers of young abalones increase first,and then show a trend of decreasing. The relationship between the density and composition of ciliates and the density of algae in the young abalone culture ponds is also discussed.     

Possible selves in a precarious labour market: Youth,imagined futures,and transitions to work in the UK

In this paper we suggest that a construct known as “possible selves”, which has been developed in psychological literature, holds conceptual merits that are of use to a growing body of literature on youth transitions, and within it, an increasing interest in imagined futures. We highlight several benefits of possible selves that have emerged from our empirical research with young men in two English towns, Luton and Swindon. Research and theorization about youth futures has suggested that young people’s values and their perceived positions in society can be elicited and seen in their projections of themselves in the future. We conclude that possible selves provides a useful addition to this literature by offering a theorization of the link between imagined possibilities in the future and motivation to act in the present. We suggest that this construct opens the scope of empirical and theoretical enquiry into youth transitions and trajectories toward future possibilities.     

AN ANALYSIS OF DATA ON HOME JOURNEYS BY CHINESE IMMIGRANTS IN CANADA, 1892–1915∗

The Young Geographers, an informal organization of American geographers, flourished from 1936 to 1943. One of its projects in 1940 and 1941 was the compilation and publication of lists of contemplated research by some 170 Young Geographers. Their listed research interests were relatively narrow in subject and geographical area. The successor of the Young Geographers was the American Society for Professional Geographers which merged with the Association of American Geographers in 1948 under a democratic constitution which assured that young geographers and their research would be recognized.     

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2016.06.010

Galactic cosmic rays and solar protons ionize the present terrestrial atmosphere,and the air showers are simulated by well-tested Monte-Carlo simulations,such as PHITS code.We use the latest version of PHITS to evaluate the possible ionization of protoplanetary disks by galactic cosmic rays(GCRs),solar protons,and by supernova remnants.The attenuation length of GCR ionization is updated as 118 g cm~(-2),which is approximately 20% larger than the popular value.Hard and soft possible spectra of solar protons give comparable and 20% smaller attenuation lengths compared with those from standard GCR spectra,respectively,while the attenuation length is approximately 10% larger for supernova remnants.Further,all of the attenuation lengths become 10% larger in the compound gas of cosmic abundance,e.g.128 g cm~(-2) for GCRs,which can affect the minimum estimate of the size of dead zones in protoplanetary disks when the incident flux is unusually high.     

Estimation of uncertainty propagation in flood inundation mapping using a 1‐D hydraulic model

A need for more accurate flood inundation maps has recently arisen because of the increasing frequency and extremity of flood events. The accuracy of flood inundation maps is determined by the uncertainty propagated from all of the variables involved in the overall process of flood inundation modelling. Despite our advanced understanding of flood progression, it is impossible to eliminate the uncertainty because of the constraints involving cost, time, knowledge, and technology. Nevertheless, uncertainty analysis in flood inundation mapping can provide useful information for flood risk management. The twin objectives of this study were firstly to estimate the propagated uncertainty rates of key variables in flood inundation mapping by using the first‐order approximation method and secondly to evaluate the relative sensitivities of the model variables by using the Hornberger–Spear–Young (HSY) method. Monte Carlo simulations using the Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System and triangle‐based interpolation were performed to investigate the uncertainty arising from discharge, topography, and Manning's n in the East Fork of the White River near Seymour, Indiana, and in Strouds Creek in Orange County, North Carolina. We found that the uncertainty of a single variable is propagated differently to the flood inundation area depending on the effects of other variables in the overall process. The uncertainty was linearly/nonlinearly propagated corresponding to valley shapes of the reaches. In addition, the HSY sensitivity analysis revealed the topography of Seymour reach and the discharge of Strouds Creek to be major contributors to the change of flood inundation area. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

岩石各向异性实验研究及对工程勘探的影响

以不同的砂岩和大理岩为标本,对岩石的各向异性在应力应变关系、波速、动静杨氏模量、动静泊松比、抗压强度等方面的各向异性问题进行了测试和研究。通过实验得到岩石标本在平行层理和垂直层理方向上述物理性质存在着的差异情况和变化规律,分析和探讨了岩层的各向异性对工程勘探工作带来的影响情况。指出地壳介质的岩体各向异性对地球物理勘探来说是不能忽视的,尤其是各向异性会导致横波分裂,影响横波勘探的精度,但同时也有助于了解岩体中裂纹结构的信息,做出工程事故的准确预报。     

青年科学基金助推地理学人才成长

本文以国家自然科学基金委员会地理学科1987-2016年青年科学基金项目为研究对象,在对项目的申请人/负责人信息、依托单位及后续资助项目等信息进行整理、统计与分析的基础上,阐述了地理学科青年科学基金项目的分支学科和地域分布特点,以及项目负责人性别、年龄、单位及职称结构的特点,分析了项目负责人受青年科学基金资助之后,继续申请国家自然科学基金项目的能力。研究表明,近30年来地理学青年科学基金项目的实施对地理学人才成长发挥了重要作用,稳定地资助了一大批不同领域的优秀地理青年学者,为中国地理学持续发展所需人才的培养开发打下了坚实的基础。     

Moments in everyday/distant geopolitics: Young people’s fears and hopes

The everyday implications of a volatile geopolitical climate are increasingly recognised, but far less is known about how people’s emotional geographies are affected by geopolitical change. This paper offers a critical examination of how some young people in different parts of the world navigate fears and hopes that might be considered ‘global’ in nature, and those that might be considered ‘everyday’. We report from participatory research conducted with young people from a range of ethnic and cultural backgrounds living in New Zealand and the United Kingdom. We examine how personal fears and hopes intersect with wider anxieties about youth, urban crime and terrorism. The research suggests that global-everyday emotions are not separated out in young people’s analyses. They are critically reflexive about wider discourses of fear, while undertaking the day to day business of navigating what are sometimes challenging emotional topographies.