Characteristics of Overpressure Systems and Their Significance in Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan Basins, China

Overpressure systems are widely developed in the central depression and paleo-uplift in the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins. They can be divided into three types according to the origin of abnormally high formation pressure in the reservoirs, i.e. the autochthonous, vertically-transmitted and laterally-transmitted types. The autochthonous overpressure system results from rapid disequilibrium sediment loading and compaction. In the allochthonous overpressure system, the increase of fluid pressure in sandstone originates from the invasion of overpressured fluid flowing vertically or laterally through the conduit units. The autochthonous overpressure system occurs in the deep-lying strata of Neogene age in the central depression of the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins. The vertically transmitted overpressure system is developed in the shallow strata of Late Miocene and Pliocene ages in the diapiric zone of the central Yinggehai basin, and the laterally transmitted overpressure system occurs in the Oligo     

消除影响压实趋势线地质因素的方法--以莺歌海盆地为例

莺歌海盆地第四系和上第三系地层内除异常压力和压实作用外,影响声波时差的因素主要有岩性变化、成岩胶结作用、地层含天然气及裂缝的存在。这些因素在地层中往往同时存在,难以区分和辨识。借用地震处理过程中多道曲线叠合以增强信噪比的思路,通过局部区块上数口井声波时差压实曲线的叠合处理,反映地层孔隙特征的信息量得到增强,是可避开或消除影响声波速度地质因素的一种有效方法。进一步将这种方法移植到地震速度谱资料的处理中,获得的压力预测结果得到钻井实测压力的证实。     

Pressure Prediction for High-Temperature and High-Pressure Formation and Its Application to Drilling in the Northern South China Sea

There are plentiful potential hydrocarbon resources in the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins in the northern South China Sea. However, the special petrol-geological condition with high formation temperature and pressure greatly blocked hydrocarbon exploration. The conventional means of drills, including methods in the prediction and monitoring of underground strata pressure, can no longer meet the requirements in this area. The China National Offshore Oil Corporation has allocated one well with a designed depth of 3200 m and pressure     

Effects of Overpressured Fluid Flow on Petroleum Accumulationin the Yinggehai Basin

The Yinggehai Basin is a strongly overpressured Cenozoic basin developed in the northern continental shelf of the South China Sea. The flow of overpressured fluids in this basin has given rise to strong effects on petroleum accumulation. (1) The overpressured fluid flow has enhanced the maturation of shallow-buried source rocks, which has caused the source rocks that would have remained immature under the conduction background to be mature for hydrocarbon generation. As a result, the overpressured fluid flow has increased the volume and interval of mature source rocks. (2) The overpressured fluid flow has strong extraction effects on the immature or low-mature source rocks in the shallow parts. This has increased, to some extent, the expulsion efficiency of the source rocks. More importantly, the extraction effects have strongly limited the effectiveness of biomarker parameters from oil and condensate in reflecting the source and maturity of the oil and gas. (3) The flow has caused the sandstones in the     

莺歌海盆地与济阳拗陷成因机制与沉积特征的比较及其油气勘探意义

莺歌海盆地近10年来一直处于勘探低谷期。以比较研究为手段,对莺歌海盆地与济阳拗陷形成演化机制进行了对比分析。研究表明,二者具有诸多相似性：均受控于大型先左旋后右旋的走滑断层,盆地构造演化经历了断陷、断拗转换、拗陷阶段;沉积-沉降中心均有迁移之规律,发育多个沉积旋回,沉积体系具有多样性;均具有异常地层压力,超压现象明显。因此,可借鉴济阳拗陷油气勘探成功经验,指导莺歌海盆地天然气成藏规律研究。     

Mechanism of diapirism and episodic fluid injections in the Yinggehai Basin

The diapirism in the Yinggehai Basin is a combined result of strong overpressure caused by rapid sedimentation of fine-grain sediments and the tensile stress field resulting from right-lateral slip of the boundary-fault. The diapirism showed multiple-stage, episodic nature, and caused intermittent counter-direction onlaps and changes in the thickness of strata. The shallow gas reservoirs in the diapir structural zone displayed obvious inter-reservoir compositional heterogeneities, and their filling history could be divided into 4 stages, with gases injected during different stages having different hydrocarbon gas, CO₂ and N₂ contents and different stable isotope compositions. The multiple-episode, intermittent activities of the diapirs, multiple-stage, non-continuous injections of fluids, and the transient thermal effect of fluid flow as well as the strong migration fractionation reflected episodic fluid injection and natural gas accumulation.     

南海北部莺歌海岭头岬近岸烃类渗漏喷口分布及气体地球化学

Natural hydrocarbon seeps in a marine environment are one of the important contributors to greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,including methane,which is significant to the global carbon cycling and climate change.Four hydrocarbon seep areas,the Lingtou Promontory,the Yinggehai Rivulet mouth,the Yazhou Bay and the Nanshan Promontory,occurring in the Yinggehai Basin delineate a near-shore gas bubble zone.The gas composition and geochemistry of venting bubbles and the spatial distribution of hydrocarbon seeps are surveyed on the near-shore Lingtou Promontory.The gas composition of the venting bubbles is mainly composed of CO_2,CH_4,N_2 and O_2,with minor amounts of non-methane hydrocarbons.The difference in the bubbles' composition is a possible consequence of gas exchange during bubble ascent.The seepage gases from the seafloor are characterized by a high CO_2 content(67.35%) and relatively positive δ~(13)C_(V_PDB) values(-0.49×10~(-3)-0.86×10~(-3)),indicating that the CO_2 is of inorganic origin.The relatively low CH_4 content(23%) and their negative δ~(13)C_(V-PDB) values(-34.43×10~(-3)--37.53×10~(-3)) and high ratios of C_1 content to C_(1-5) one(0.98-0.99)as well point to thermogenic gases.The hydrocarbon seeps on the 3.5 Hz sub-bottom profile display a linear arrangement and are sub-parallel to the No.1 fault,suggesting that the hydrocarbon seeps may be associated with fracture activity or weak zones and that the seepage gases migrate laterally from the central depression of the Yinggehai Basin.     

莺歌海盆地东方区天然气成藏模式及优质天然气勘探策略

莺歌海盆地东方区天然气勘探取得重大突破,本文对该区不同气田、不同层段的72个天然气样品,开展了化学组分及其稳定碳同位素分析。研究表明该区天然气存在迥然不同的分布差异：西南区块（XY1-1S/XY13-2构造）,浅层天然气中CO2含量高,天然气成熟度总体也较高,而中深层天然气中CO2含量很低,天然气成熟度也相对较低;东北区块（XY1-1/XY13-1构造）,浅层天然气中CO2含量总体较低,天然气成熟度也较低,但是中深层天然气中CO2含量总体较高,天然气成熟度也相对较高。根据天然气系列地化特征,结合底辟活动的分析,提出东方区受底辟影响的低能量区和高能量区具有截然不同的天然气充注成藏模式：①西南区块（XY1-1S/XY13-2构造）远离底辟核心区,属低能量活动的底辟波及区,受底辟活动影响程度相对较小,早期低CO2含量、低成熟天然气沿小断裂或裂隙输导体系运移到中深层的黄流组、梅山组聚集成藏。由于底辟能量较低,中深层早期形成的气藏得以完整保存。后期,烃源岩生成的高CO2含量、高成熟天然气沿着底辟活动产生的断层向上运移至莺歌海组浅层聚集成藏。浅层和中深层天然气输导体系可能存在一定差异;②东北区块（XY1-1/XY13-1构造）处于底辟核心区,属高能量活动区,多期强烈的底辟活动形成深大断裂,为天然气的快速运移提供通道,使得早期在黄流组、梅山组中深层聚集的低CO2含量、低成熟天然气遭受破坏,向上发生再次运移至浅层莺歌海组聚集成藏。后期高CO2含量、高成熟天然气主要充注中深层。该模式可以很好地解释莺歌海盆地东方区天然气复杂的分布特征,为莺歌海盆地不同领域,尤其是中深层高温超压领域低CO2的优质天然气勘探提供策略指导。     

琼西莺歌海盆地中深层天然气成藏条件分析及其与浅层成藏条件的比较

莺歌海盆地浅层天然气勘探和研究程度相对较高，绝大部分探井和发现的天然气储量亦主要集中于浅层。但迄今为止，浅层好的勘探目标、规模较大的局部构造大多已钻探，剩余好的勘探目标不多，故天然气勘探潜力不容乐观、本区中深层勘探领域则探井甚少，勘探和研究程度非常低，故发现并落实的天然气储量亦少，通过叶浅层与中深层勘探领域天然气成藏地质条件的综合分析、类比和评价，指出和强调中深层天然气成藏地质条件优于浅层、中深层应是本区手找大中型气田的勘探方向。     

莺歌海盆地泥-流体底辟树型输导系统及运移模式

莺歌海盆地发育多期泥.流体底辟.底辟活动的多期性造成底辟区断裂和裂隙不断开启,输导天然气从深部向浅部垂向运移,充注底辟两侧及周缘的砂体,在剖面上构成树形样式,称之为底辟树型输导系统.底辟树型输导系统连通了浅层和中一深层的构造和岩性圈闭,是莺歌海盆地中央凹陷带构造及岩性天然气藏成藏的主要输导通道和样式,其相应运移方式分为能量保持型和能量释放型两种.本文提出了莺歌海盆地中央凹陷带发育底辟树型输导系统及其运移的地质模型,泥-流体底辟活动控制下的底辟树型输导系统及其运移模型是对伸展-转换盆地油气成藏理论的发展和补充.