长江口深水航道治理工程综述

文章概要地介绍长江口深水航道治理工程的规划、勘察、设计和施工情况，对整治方案及主要岩土工程问题略作讨论。     

基于均匀混合假设的天然河道水质模拟方法

扩散质进入窄浅型河道后,通常采用有限差分法求解一维对流分散方程进行水质模拟,计算相对复杂。为简化计算,提出了根据河道断面特征等水力特性,将河道划分为若干单元,忽略不灵敏因子分散项对单元间扩散质交换的影响,并引入单元均匀混合假定,提出了基于均匀混合假设的天然河道水质模拟方法,建立相应的水质数学模型。算例表明,该模型运算稳定,与有限差分法模拟精度相当,但可大大简化并节省计算工作量。     

从水流挟沙力和河槽形态规律分析黄河调水调沙

在分析水流挟沙力和河槽水力形态规律的基础上，研究调节流量、含沙量和泥沙组成的优化组合，解决河道输沙减淤和河槽相对稳定问题，提出调水调沙方向。达到合理利用水资源和河道减淤与治理相结合的目的．     

新疆牙哈地区新近系沉积相及油气勘探意义

利用地震资料具有横向分辨率高的优点,将地震资料与录井资料和测井资料相结合,用地震相分析、地震振幅属性分析、相干分析和可视化等手段对牙哈地区新近系的河道展布进行了刻画,确定了河道、河漫滩、决口扇和曲流砂坝等沉积相类型的平面展布.在新近系共识别出7期大型河道,总面积为619 km2,可形成有利勘探面积75 km2,为牙哈地区新近系下一步勘探提供了依据.     

Structural kinematics,metamorphic P–T profiles and zircon geochronology across the Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex in south‐central Tibet: implication for a revised channel flow

A specific question about the Himalayas is whether the orogeny grew by distributed extrusion or discrete thrusting. To place firm constraints on tectonic models for the orogeny, kinematic, thermobarometric and geochronological investigations have been undertaken across the Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex (GHC) in the Nyalam region, south‐central Tibet. The GHC in this section is divided into the lower, upper and uppermost GHC, with kinematically top‐to‐the‐south, alternating with top‐to‐the‐north shear senses. A new thrust named the Nyalam thrust is recognized between the lower and upper GHC, with a 3 kbar pressure reversion, top‐to‐the‐south thrust sense, and was active after the exhumation of the GHC. Peak temperature reached ～749 °C in the cordierite zone, and decreased southwards to 633–667 °C in the kyanite and sillimanite‐muscovite zones, and northwards to greenschist facies at the top of the South Tibetan Detachment System (STDS). Pressure at peak temperature reached a maximum value in the kyanite zone of 9.0–12.6 kbar and decreased northwards to ～4.1 kbar in the cordierite zone. Zircon U‐Pb ages of a sillimanite migmatite and an undeformed leucogranite dyke cutting the mylonitized rocks in the STDS reveal a long‐lived partial melting of the GHC, which initiated at 39.7–34 Ma and ceased at 14.1 Ma. Synthesizing the obtained and collected results, a revised channel flow model is proposed by considering the effect of heat advection and convection by melt and magma migration. Our new model suggests that distributed processes like channel flow dominated during the growth of the Himalayan orogen, while discrete thrusting occurred in a later period as a secondary process.     

下穿式道路排水工程事故原因及防治措施探讨

通过对我国一些城市下穿式道路排水事故的实地调研及资料搜集,分析了下穿式道路排水工程事故的原因,探讨了类似事故的防治措施,并对东莞S120工程燕窝下穿隧道进行了排水设计评价。     

杏南开发区葡Ⅰ31小层废弃河道类型及其研究意义

油田开采进入高含水期后,储层构型的精细描述对改善油田开采效果具有重大意义。废弃河道作为单一河道的边界以及识别点坝砂体的重要依据,其顶部的泥质沉积或者砂泥岩互层沉积对储层内部流体具有遮挡作用,因此正确识别废弃河道是进一步分析储层构型及挖潜油田剩余油的重要科学依据。以杏南开发区葡Ⅰ31小层为例,通过分析废弃河道在平面及剖面的沉积特征,利用砂顶相对等深图法,综合废弃河道的砂体平面分布形态和测井曲线响应特征,在葡Ⅰ31小层内识别出26处规模不等的废弃河道,宽度一般在100 m左右,其中3处突弃型废弃河道与渐弃型相比,弯曲程度更大,砂体延伸更短,沉积厚度为2~8 m不等。由于砂泥互层或泥质沉积的侧向遮挡作用,废弃河道砂体与正常河道砂体组成的半连通体导致有注无采或有采无注的注采不平衡现象,使得河道砂体顶部成为剩余油聚集的有利场所,成为进一步挖潜的重点对象。     

Alluvial architecture of the Holocene Rhine–Meuse delta (the Netherlands)

Ancient fluvial successions often act as hydrocarbon reservoirs. Sub‐surface data on the alluvial architecture of fluvial successions are often incomplete and modelling is performed to reconstruct the stratigraphy. However, all alluvial architecture models suffer from the scarcity of field data to test and calibrate them. The purposes of this study were to quantify the alluvial architecture of the Holocene Rhine–Meuse delta (the Netherlands) and to determine spatio‐temporal trends in the architecture. Five north–south orientated cross‐sections, perpendicular to the general flow direction, were compiled for the fluvial‐dominated part of the delta. These sections were used to calculate the width/thickness ratios of fluvial sandbodies (SBW/SBT) and the proportions of channel‐belt deposits (CDP), clastic overbank deposits (ODP) and organic material (OP) in the succession. Furthermore, the connectedness ratio (CR) between channel belts was calculated for each cross‐section. Distinct spatial and temporal trends in the alluvial architecture were found. SBW/SBT ratios decrease by a factor of ca 4 in a downstream direction. CDP decreases from ca 0·7 (upstream) to ca 0·3 (downstream). OP increases from less than 0·05 in the upstream part of the delta to more than 0·25 in the downstream delta. ODP is approximately constant (0·4). CR is ca 0·25 upstream, which is approximately two times larger than in the downstream part of the delta. Furthermore, CDP in the downstream Rhine–Meuse delta increases after 3000 cal yr BP. These trends are attributed to variations in available accommodation space, floodplain geometry and channel‐belt size. For instance, channel belts tend to narrow in a downstream direction, which reduces SBW/SBT, CDP and CR. Tectonics cause local deviations in the general architectural trends. In addition, the positive correlation between avulsion frequency and the ratio of local to regional aggradation rate probably influenced alluvial architecture in the Rhine–Meuse delta. The Rhine–Meuse data set can be a great resource when developing more sophisticated models for alluvial architecture simulation, which eventually could lead to better characterizations of hydrocarbon reservoirs. To aid such usage of the Rhine–Meuse data set, constraints for relevant parameters are provided at the end of the paper.     

沾化凹陷桩西油田古近系东营组重力流水道的沉积特征及形成条件

济阳坳陷沾化凹陷桩西油田古近系东营组下段砂体平面呈条带状展布,与曲流河单河道沉积砂体形态类似。砂岩的沉积成因是建立高精度时间地层格架、预测储集层属性参数空间分布及挖潜剩余油的关键基础之一。综合分析区域地质背景、地层沉积序列、岩石学性质、沉积组合以及砂体几何形态等方面,认为桩西油田东下段砂岩是在半深湖—深湖环境沿湖盆长轴方向延伸的远源滑塌型重力流水道—浊流水道沉积;沉积物源主要来自北部埕北低凸起附近的扇三角洲和水下扇。根据重力流水道的成因机制,将东下段浊流水道划分为水道中心微相、水道边缘微相和水下漫溢微相。单一水道中心微相沉积序列相当于鲍玛序列的AB、ABD或AC组合,主要沉积中厚层正递变层理含砾细砂岩相和块状层理混合碎屑岩相,属中孔中低渗储集层。研究区滑塌型浊流水道形成的外部控制因素是火山喷发及控盆断层的幕式活动所导致的长期基准面下降;内部控制因素是充足的物源、垂直湖盆长轴方向的阶梯状断裂以及负向湖盆底形等。建立了反映该区浊流水道的沉积特征及发育条件的沉积模式。     

华庆地区长63储层内部建筑结构模式分析

储层内部建筑结构是评价油气藏、改善水驱开发效果、提高油气采收率的基础和关键。因此,文章以华庆地区长6₃层水下分流河道为例,利用野外露头照片和连井剖面等资料,应用petrel软件,系统建立了华庆地区长6₃储层构造模型和储层参数(孔隙度、渗透率和泥质含量)模型。研究结果表明,三角洲前缘水下分流河道构型界面可划分为5级:其中5级为同期水下分流河道复合砂体的界面,4级为水下分流河道单一砂体的沉积界面,3级为水下分流河道单一砂体内部增生体的界面,2级为增生体内部简单的层系组界面,1级为增生体内部单个交错层系的界面。研究区砂体内部存在侧积夹层、前积夹层和垂积夹层3种类型的夹层。建立的研究区长6₃构造模型总体趋势为西低东高。从孔隙度、渗透率和砂泥岩分布模型图可以看出研究区属于低孔特低渗储层。结构解析结果客观的反映了长6₃储层内部基本单元的展布形态,真实再现了研究区内部砂体的空间形态分布模型图。