Using stable isotopes to quantify water sources for trees and shrubs in a riparian cottonwood ecosystem in flood and drought years

Riparian cottonwood forests in dry regions of western North America do not typically receive sufficient growing season precipitation to completely support their relatively high transpiration requirements. Water used in transpiration by riparian ecosystems must include alluvial groundwater or water stored in the potentially large reservoir of the unsaturated soil zone. We used the stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition of stem xylem water to evaluate water sources used by the dominant riparian cottonwood (Populus spp.) trees and shrubs (Shepherdia argentea and Symphoricarpos occidentalis) in Lethbridge, Alberta, during 3 years of contrasting environmental conditions. Cottonwoods did not exclusively take up alluvial groundwater but made extensive use of water sourced from the unsaturated soil zone. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of cottonwood stem water did not strongly overlap with those of alluvial groundwater, which were closely associated with the local meteoric water line. Instead, cottonwood stem water δ¹⁸O and δ²H values were located below the local meteoric water line, forming a line with a low slope that was indicative of water exposed to evaporative enrichment of heavy isotopes. In addition, cottonwood xylem water isotope compositions had negative values of deuterium excess (d‐excess) and line‐conditioned (deuterium) excess (lc‐excess), both of which provided evidence that water taken up by the cottonwoods had been exposed to fractionation during evaporation. The shrub species had lower values of d‐excess and lc‐excess than had the cottonwood trees due to shallower rooting depths, and the d‐excess values declined during the growing season, as shallow soil water that was taken up by the plants was exposed to increasing, cumulative evaporative enrichment. The apparent differences in functional rooting pattern between cottonwoods and the shrub species, strongly influenced the ratio of net photosynthesis to stomatal conductance (intrinsic water‐use efficiency), as shown by variation among species in the δ¹³C values of leaf tissue.     

太湖环棱螺对两种常见沉水植物生长的影响

环棱螺(Bellamya sp.)是太湖常见的一类软体动物.本研究通过室内实验,探讨环棱螺对轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata Royle)和伊乐藻(Elodea nuttalli ST John)生长的影响及水体营养盐含量的变化.结果表明,三种处理情况下,单位质量伊乐藻增加的数量分别为:H组0.475 g,L组0.106 g,C组0.021 g,单位质量轮叶黑藻增加的数量分别为:H组0.704 g,L组0.663 g,C组0.478 g.从实验前后两种沉水植物的长度和分蘖数变化来看,H组最高,L组与C组分别次之,所以不论生物量、长度还是分蘖数的变化量,与环棱螺共存的伊乐藻和轮叶黑藻的变化都高于对照组中两种沉水植物的变化.环棱螺新陈代谢促进水体中溶解态氮磷含量增加,三种情况下水生植物的初级生产力都相当,由此可推测环棱螺通过新陈代谢,一定程度上促进了两种沉水植物的生长.     

温度、投饵频次对海月水母(Aurelia sp.1) 水螅体生长和繁殖的影响

水母暴发是一个全球广泛关注的生态问题,水螅体阶段的环境影响是研究水母暴发的重要切入点。本实验从温度(10,15,20,25℃)和投饵频次(无投喂,每周投喂,每天投喂)两个角度进行研究。结果表明,温度对横裂过程、碟状体产生过程影响显著,饵料对水螅体数量影响显著。水螅体从20℃降温至10℃和15℃可发生横裂产生碟状体,适宜横裂的温度范围内,相对高温和充足饵料有利于释放更多碟状体;适宜横裂的温度范围外,相对高温和充足饵料有利于水螅体数量的增加。适宜横裂的温度范围持续时间达到水螅体的响应时间阈值,才能够完成从底栖阶段的水螅体到浮游阶段水母体的转化。     

New species of benthopelagic copepod Xantharus (Calanoida: Scolecitrichidae) from the upper slope,eastern central New Zealand

Xantharus Andronov, 1981 is reported, for the first time from New Zealand, from the upper slope (306 m) off the southeastern coast of North Island (41°04.10′S, 176°22.05′E). Xantharus cryeri n. sp. females differ from the three known species by a combination of characters: antennules that extend to the distal border of pedigerous somite 2; ancestral segment XVIII of the antennule with 1 seta; mandible basis with 3 setae; maxilla endite 1 with 5 setae; leg 1 basis with inner distal border lined with small spinules; and leg 5 is squat, with all segments as long as wide and the 2 terminal spine‐like extensions of the terminal segment approximately as long as the articulated, inner, subterminal spine.     

中国碱蓬属植物修订

本文对《中国植物志》藜科(Chenopodiaceae)碱蓬属(Suaeda Forsk. ex Scop.)长期存在的分类错误进行了纠正。将其中的高碱蓬S. altissima (L.) Pall.合并入碱蓬S. glauca (Bunge) Bunge,纵翅碱蓬S. pterantha (Kar. et Kir.) Bunge合并入刺毛碱蓬S. acuminata (C.A. Mey.) Moq.,同时增加了垦利碱蓬(新种)S. kenliensis J. W. Xing sp. nov。由此将中国碱蓬属(Suaeda)植物从原来的20种,变更为19种。并重新修订了中国碱蓬属(Suaeda)植物的分种检索表,使中国碱蓬属(Suaeda)植物的系统分类更趋于完善,为《中国植物志》的修订和碱蓬属(Suaeda)植物分类及其深入研究与开发利用提供了依据。     

Metabolic and physiological regulation of Chlorella sp.(Trebouxiophyceae,Chlorophyta) under nitrogen deprivation

A freshwater green microalgae Chlorella sp., UMACC344 was shown to produce high lipid content and has the potential to be used as feedstock for biofuel production. In this study, photosynthetic effciency, biochemical pro?les and non-targeted metabolic pro?ling were studied to compare between the nitrogen-replete and deplete conditions. Slowed growth, change in photosynthetic pigments and lowered photosynthetic effciency were observed in response to nitrogen deprivation. Biochemical pro?les of the cultures showed an increased level of carbohydrate, lipids and total fatty acids, while the total soluble protein content was lowered. A trend of fatty acid saturation was observed in the nitrogen-deplete culture with an increase in the level of saturated fatty acids especially C16:0 and C18:0, accompanied by a decrease in proportions of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Fifty-nine metabolites, including amino acids, lipids, phytochemical compounds, vitamins and cofactors were signi?cantly dysregulated and annotated in this study. Pathway mapping analysis revealed a rewiring of metabolic pathways in the cells, particularly purine, carotenoid, nicotinate and nicotinamide, and amino acid metabolisms. Within the treatment period of nitrogen deprivation, the key processes involved were reshu ? ing of nitrogen from proteins and photosynthetic machinery, together with carbon repartitioning in carbohydrates and lipids.     

Genetic transformation of marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. CC9311 (Cyanophyceae) by electroporation

Synechococcus sp.CC9311 is a marine cyanobacterium characterized by type IV chromatic acclimation(CA).A genetic transformation system was developed as a first step to elucidate the molecular mechanism of CA.The results show that Synechococcus sp.CC9311 cells were sensitive to four commonly used antibiotics:ampicillin,kanamycin,spectinomycin,and chloramphenicol.An integrative plasmid to disrupt the putative phycoerythrin lyase gene mpeV,using a kanamycin resistance gene as selectable marker,was constructed by recombinant polymerase chain reaction.The plasmid was then transformed into Synechococcus sp.CC9311 via electroporation.High transformation efficiency was achieved at a field strength of 2 kV/cm.DNA analysis showed that mpeV was fully disrupted following challenge of the transformants with a high concentration of kanamycin.In addition,the transformants that displayed poor growth on agar SN medium could be successfully plated on agarose SN medium.     

利用不同浓度啤酒废水培养塔胞藻的生物学效应研究

本文主要探讨了以不同浓度的啤酒废水培养海洋微藻(塔胞藻)后的生物学效应,其目的是为合理开发利用啤酒废水,避免环境污染及海洋微藻的产业化提供必要的理论依据。方法:以不同浓度(0、10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%)的啤酒废水替代海水配制培养基,培养海洋微藻,当培养液内细胞数达到一定密度后,再转到新的培养基中,即为下一轮;这样连续培养了4轮。结果发现,在前3轮培养中,当培养基中啤酒废水浓度在50%以下时,随着啤酒废水浓度升高,藻细胞的生长繁殖明显加快,细胞体积增大,细胞内多种重要成分(如蛋白质、可溶性糖、叶绿素等)含量均显著提高;当啤酒废水浓度超过50%时,上述效应有所下降。但培养至第4轮时,各种生理指标逐渐恢复到原来的状态。     

Mechanism of cadmium resistance and adsorption of a yeast strain Rhodotorula sp. Y11

The mechanism of cadmium resistance of a yeast strain Rhodotorula sp. Y11 isolated from mine soil was investigated. We found that the yeast cells treated with different methods showed different cadmium-adsorption models. Grown in medium supplied with 100 mg/L of cadmium, 3.29% of the cell-absorbed cadmium was accounted in the cytoplasm. However, only 1% was taken into the cytoplasm and 99% was bound to the cell wall using the lyophilized biomass to adsorb cadmium in double distilled water. Treatments with alkali, ethanol-chloroform and proteinase showed different influences on the biosorption of whole cells and isolated cell walls. FT-IR analysis showed that acetyl of chitin was the active compound in the cells to absorb cadmium. The production of Metallothioneins, proteins related to the resistance to heavy metal in yeast, was evidently induced by cadmium, achieving 638.8 μg/g wet weight, which was about 85 folds higher than that in the uninduced biomass and was also much higher than that reported previously. The molecular weight of Metallothioneins was 6500 Da estimated by SDS-PAGE.     

小兴安岭“晚古生代”地层的时代与物源：地质与碎屑锆石 U-Pb 年代学证据

本文对出露于小兴安岭的"晚古生代"红山组和黑龙宫组进行了碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年,旨在准确限定红山组和黑龙宫组的沉积时限,并揭示其物源组成。样品中大多数锆石呈自形—半自形,显示典型的岩浆生长环带或条痕状吸收,暗示其岩浆成因。研究结果显示,采自红山组标准剖面泥板岩中的碎屑锆石42个分析点产生以下年龄峰值:747、807、849、903、956、1 167和1 811 Ma,表明红山组沉积于747 Ma之后;采自伊春地区黑龙宫组泥板岩中的碎屑锆石97个分析点产生以下年龄峰值:700(发生Pb丢失)、805、902、1 764、2 446和2 467Ma,确定黑龙宫组沉积于805Ma之后。近年来在该地区"晚古生代"地层中碎屑锆石的定年结果显示普遍存在561 Ma年龄,鉴于红山组和黑龙宫组中缺乏上述锆石年龄组合,认为研究区的红山组和黑龙宫组的形成时代分别为747~561 Ma和805~561 Ma,时代置于新元古代。基于两组碎屑锆石的年龄频数和区域地质年代学资料的对比分析,两个地层单元中出现大量新元古代岩浆锆石,证明研究区可能存在新元古代岩浆事件,岩浆产物为两组地层提供物源;而中—古元古代碎屑锆石的存在,同时暗示该区沉积时地表或地表浅部应存在更为古老的前寒武纪残片。