海洋生态系统内在价值评估方法初探——以厦门湾为例

海洋和海岸带生态系统价值的科学评估对海洋与海岸带开发决策起着重要的支撑作用.目前盛行的生态系统服务价值评估是从生态系统对人类的效用的角度衡量生态系统的价值,而缺乏从生态系统自身的角度进行客观评估.首先分析了生态系统内在价值的内涵,提出基于能值和ecoexergy两种系统生态学方法的价值评估框架,建立了一套海洋生态系统内在价值较为有效的评估方法.该框架先通过能值计算将生态系统的生物成分、非生物成分及物种多样性转换为能值货币价值,再通过eco-exergy来体现生态系统的结构与功能过程,并转换为eco-exergy货币价值.最后将该评估框架应用于厦门湾海洋生态系统内在价值的评估.结果显示,2010年厦门湾海洋生态系统的本底内在价值为1.16×10^11CNY,全年创造内在价值为9.24×10^10CNY,总计2.09×10^11CNY,远高于生态系统服务价值7.27×10^9CNY和厦门海洋产业GDP 2.47×10^10CNY.     

厦门东海域鱼类食物网研究

本文分析了厦门东海域58种鱼类的营养关系.根据对它们的食性分析,并依其食料生物的生态类群,将厦门东海域的鱼类食性类型分为:浮游生物食性、底栖生物食性、游泳动物食性、浮游生物和底栖生物、底栖生物和游泳动物食性等5种.该海域鱼类的营养级可分为4级:杂食性鱼类、低级肉食性鱼类、中级肉食性鱼类和高级肉食性鱼类,其中低级肉食性鱼类占优势,为63.79%.本文还分析了厦门东海域鱼类的食物网及其能量流动途径,并提出合理利用和保护厦门东海域鱼类资源的建议.     

厦门岛南岸地下水的氢氧同位素的示踪研究

实测了厦门岛沿岸地区地下水的氢、氧稳定同位素组成，并据此开展了沿岸地下水水文学的同位素示踪研究。对地下水、海水及大气降水的δD～δ^18O方程进行数理分析后表明，大气降水是厦门沿海浅层地下水的主要来源。利用稳定同位素质量平衡模型，估算9810号台风所致降水对地下水的贡献。结合水文资料，通过地下水氢、氧同位素组成的时空分布特征，验证了地下水由北向南运移并最终排入沿岸海域的运移途径。研究还初步探讨了地下水稳定同位素组成对潮汐变化的响应。     

厦门海沧沿岸水域初级生产力及其与环境的关系

1994-1995年,对厦门海沧沿岸水域初级生产力进行4个季节调查。该水域初级生产力全年平均为194．6mgC·（m2·d）-1,呈双峰型的季节变化。与九龙江口相比,厦门西港年平均初级生产力略高,这与其叶绿素α含量较高有关。九龙江口的初级生产力受海水盐度影响较大,在不同季节均呈现沿径流方向递增的趋势。海沧沿岸水域氮磷浓度比值较高,其初级生产力受水域磷含量不足所限制。     

Erosion and accretion rates and their associated sediment characters along Ras El Bar coast,northeast Nile Delta,Egypt

Beach profile data, covering the coast of Ras El Bar, northeast Nile Delta, collected during the years from 1990 to 2002 combined with landsat images for the area and sedimentological investigation have been used to identify beach and nearshore seafloor sediment changes. Along the coast of Ras El Bar, two accretion sectors and one of erosion have been recognized. The first accretion sector is located west of Damietta harbour, where the harbour jetties have halted the littoral transport, while the second one is behind a system of detached breakwaters protecting Ras El Bar resort. Both the two sectors are characterized by growing shoreline with maximum rates ∼15 and 10 m/year, respectively. Also, they have maximum nearshore seafloor accretion rates of ∼18 and 22 cm/year, respectively. The erosion sector is located east of Damietta port and has a maximum rate of shoreline retreat ∼−10 m/year. Erosion of its nearshore seafloor is indicated recording a maximum rate of ∼−20 cm/year. The rate of net sediment volume change in the area indicates shifting of the accretion sector (II) westward, responding to installation of the new breakwaters unit. The two accretion sectors are characterized by dominance of moderately sorted fine sands in their shore area which change seaward into less sorting very fine sands. Beach sands of the eroded sector are poorly sorted medium grain size. The dominant constituents of heavy mineral species in beach and sea-bottom sands are the characteristic assemblages of the Nile deposits. The sands of the eroded zone are relatively enriched in monazite, zircon, tourmaline, garnet, and rutile.     

Geoarchaeological evidence for dredging in Tyre's ancient harbour, Levant

Chrono-stratigraphic data from Tyre's ancient northern harbour delineate extensive dredging practices during the Greco-Roman and Byzantine periods. Radiocarbon dates from four cores consistently cluster between ca. 500 B.C. and 1000 A.D. and indicate rapid rates of sedimentation in the basin, namely ∼10 mm/yr during the Greco-Roman and Byzantine periods, compared to 0.5-1 mm/yr for the period 6000-4000 B.C. Absence of strata between 4000 B.C. and 500 B.C. is not consistent with a natural base-level sediment sink and cannot be interpreted as a depositional hiatus in the high-stand systems tract. Ancient dredging is further corroborated by persistent age-depth inversions within the fine-grained harbour facies. These data support removal of Middle Bronze Age to Persian period sediment strata, with deliberate overdeepening of the harbour bottom by Greco-Roman and Byzantine societies.     

Bioenergetic responses in green lipped mussels (Perna viridis) as indicators of pollution stress in Xiamen coastal waters, China

Samples of green lipped mussels (Perna viridis) were collected from three sites (Huoshao, I’Maluan and Tong’an) around Xiamen coastal waters, where levels of various trace organic pollutants have been studied. Samples were also collected at a “cleaner” reference site near Dongshan Island for comparison. Clearance rate, absorption efficiency and oxygen consumption of the mussels were measured under controlled laboratory condition; organic pollutants in their tissues were also analyzed. Scope for growth (SFG) was employed as a general biomarker to evaluate the stress of pollutants. Specimens from Tong’an site had the lowest SFG values (1.14 J/h/g); while specimens from the I’Maluan site and Huoshao site had SFG values of 5.01 and 6.72 J/h/g, respectively. Specimens from Dongshan (reference site) had a relatively high SFG value of 10.96 J/h/g. There was a significant negative correlation between the SFG of the different populations of green lipped mussels and the concentration of DDT in their tissues.     

厦门大气降水的氢氧同位素研究

本文研究了厦门地区大气降水的氢、氧同位素组成,提出了大气降水线方程的δD＝8．16δ^18O＋10．68,并与全国及全球降水线进行比较,揭示了该降水线方程的特征。对全年氚过剩值（d）及降水线特征研究表明,厦门岛全年降不涞源较为单一,主要为海洋性气团。降水中δD与δ^18O的降水量效应明显,且该影响远远掩盖了温度效应。     

厦门东侧海域浮游植物的种类组成与分布

共鉴定厦门东侧海域浮游植物４３属１１１种,其主体是广温性种类（５６种）,占浮游植物总种数的５０％。主要优势种的季节性演替明显。四季浮游植物的平均细胞总量达３６５００千个／ｍ＾３,最重要的优势种是施链角毛藻（Ｃｈａｅｔｏｃｅｒｏｓｃ ｃｕｒｖｉｓｅｔｕｓ）（占总量的５３．３％）和中肋骨条藻（Ｓｋｅｌｅｔｏｎｅｍａ ｃｏｓｔａｔｕｍ）（占２０．０）。浮游植物的繁盛时期在春、夏两季,但高峰期出现在春季,不同于相邻的厦门外港和厦门西港。     

我国东南沿海3港口有机锡污染的调查

利用顶空固相微萃取与气相色谱表面发射火焰光度检测法于2001年11月至2002年8月对我国东南沿海厦门、汕头和惠阳3个大型港口21个站位的水样、底泥和生物样的有机锡污染现状进行调查.结果表明,绝大多数样品的一丁基锡(MBT)含量最高,三丁基锡(TBT)次之,二丁基锡(DBT)大多低于检测限.水样的TBT含量实测值从低于检测限至9.8ng/dm3,泥样的为0.3~174.7ng/g(干重),生物样的为2.1~23.0ng/g(湿重).水样TBT含量均值以惠阳港的为最高,泥样和生物样的均以厦门港的最高.影响有机锡含量及其空间分布的主要因素有港口船舶吞吐量、水文状况、季节和与大型码头的距离.关联的海产腹足类性畸变调查结果发现,我国沿海有机锡污染比较普遍和严重,已对生态系统产生实质性的负面生态效应.