盐酸甜菜碱对短盖巨脂鲤脂肪代谢的影响

采用现场实验的方法，以短盖巨脂鲤为对象进行了60天养殖实验，探讨盐酸甜菜碱对其脂肪代谢作用机理。结果表明，盐酸甜菜碱使整鱼水分和含脂量呈下降趋势，鱼肌肉含水量下降，肝脂量极显著降低；肌肉和肝脏中游离肉碱、酸不溶肉碱含量和酸不溶肉碱与游离肉碱的比例极显著提高；血清总胆固醇和甘油三酯极显著下降，脂肪酶活性呈升高趋势；甜菜碱对肠系膜脂肪酶活力产生影响，使鱼肌肉肌问脂肪分布发生明显变化。实验结果提示：甜菜碱可改善肉质，它参与机体代谢活动，使肝脏和肌肉中甲基化产物(肉碱)含量增加，影响肠系膜脂肪酶活力，改变体脂和鱼肉脂肪酸组成，进行体脂重分配。     

Variability in plankton community structure, metabolism, and vertical carbon fluxes along an upwelling filament (Cape Juby, NW Africa)

The variability in dissolved and particulate organic matter, plankton biomass, community structure and metabolism, and vertical carbon fluxes were studied at four stations (D₁–D₄), placed along a coastal-offshore gradient of an upwelling filament developed near Cape Juby (NW Africa). The filament was revealed as a complex and variable system in terms of its hydrological structure and distribution of biological properties. An offshore shift from large to small phytoplankton cells, as well as from higher to lower autotrophic biomass, was not paralleled by a similar gradient in particulate (POC) or dissolved (DOC) organic carbon. Rather, stations in the central part of the filament (D₂ and D₃) presented the highest organic matter concentrations. Autotrophic carbon (POC_Chl) accounted for 53% (onshore station, D₁) to 27% (offshore station, D₄) of total POC (assuming a carbon to chlorophyll ratio of 50), from which nano- and pico-phytoplankton biomasses (POC_{A < 10 μm}) represented 14% (D₁) to 79% (D₄) of POC_Chl. The biomass of small hetrotrophs (POC_{H < 10 μm}) was equivalent to POC_{A < 10 μm}, except at D₁, where small autotrophs were less abundant. Dark community respiration (R_d) in the euphotic zone was in general high, almost equivalent to gross production (P_g), but decreasing offshore (D₁–D₄, from 108 to 41 mmol C m⁻² d⁻¹). POC sedimentation rates (POC_sed) below the euphotic zone ranged from 17 to 6 mmol C m⁻² d⁻¹. Only at D₄ was a positive carbon balance observed: P_g−(R_d + POC_sed) = 42 mmol C m⁻² d⁻¹. Compared to other filament studies from the NE Atlantic coast, the Cape Juby filament presented lower sedimentation rates and higher respiration rates with respect to gross production. We suggest that this is caused by the recirculation of the filament water, induced by the presence of an associated cyclonic eddy, acting as a trapping mechanism for organic matter. The export capacity of the Cape Juby filament therefore would be constrained to the frequency of the interactions of the filament with island-induced eddies.     

基于 Markov 理论的加权非等距GM（1，1）预测优化模型

背景值的构造方法是影响加权非等距GM(1,1)预测模型的精度和适应性的关键因素。文中通过等分函数法构造新的背景值对传统的加权非等距GM(1,1)模型进行优化,优化后的模型使其同时适应于高增长指数序列和低增长指数序列,提高传统模型的预测精度和适应性能力。但是优化后的模型依然易受建模数据随机扰动影响。马尔科夫(Markov)模型具有削弱建模数据的随机扰动性的优势。基于此,将优化的加权非等距GM(1,1)模型和Markov理论有机结合,构建优化的加权非等距Markov-GM(1,1)预测模型。最后,结合秀山湖二期工程的变形实测数据,运用新陈代谢的计算模式进行预测验证。结果表明:优化的加权非等距Markov-GM(1,1)预测模型的拟合和预测精度都优于传统的加权非等距GM(1,1)预测模型,新的预测模型的适用性更强,具有实际的参考价值。     

不同条件下凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)能量代谢研究

通过设置不同温度、盐度、pH值和摄食状态的方法,研究凡纳滨对虾在不同条件下的无机磷、亚硝酸氮、硝酸氮、氨氮的释放率.结果表明,温度、体重、盐度、pH值和摄食状态对其代谢存在影响.无机磷、亚硝酸氮、硝酸氮、氨氮的释放率与体重呈负相关;在20-30℃的温度范围内,随着温度的上升,凡纳滨对虾磷、亚硝酸氮、氨氮的释放率均上升,...     

5. Prebiotic Chemistry – Biochemistry – Emergence of Life (4.4–2 Ga)

This chapter is devoted to a discussion about the difficulties and even the impossibility to date the events that occurred during the transition from non-living matter to the first living cells. Nevertheless, the attempts to devise plausible scenarios accounting for the emergence of the main molecular devices and processes found in biology are presented including the role of nucleotides at early stages (RNA world). On the other hand, hypotheses on the development of early metabolisms, compartments and genetic encoding are also discussed in relation with their role in extant living organisms. The nature of the Last Common Ancestor is also presented as well as hypotheses on the evolution of viruses. The following sections constitute a collection of independent articles providing a general overview of these aspects.     

城市能源利用与CO_2排放的多尺度综合评价(英文)

Accurate and detailed accounting of energy-induced carbon dioxide(CO2) emissions is crucial to the evaluation of pressures on natural resources and the environment, as well as to the assignment of responsibility for emission reductions. However, previous emission inventories were usually production- or consumption-based accounting, and few studies have comprehensively documented the linkages among socio-economic activities and external transaction in urban areas. Therefore, we address this gap in proposing an analytical framework and accounting system with three dimensions of boundaries to comprehensively assess urban energy use and related CO2 emissions. The analytical framework depicted the input, transformation, transfer and discharge process of the carbon-based(fossil) energy flows through the complex urban ecosystems, and defined the accounting scopes and boundaries on the strength of ‘carbon footprint' and ‘urban metabolism'. The accounting system highlighted the assessment for the transfer and discharge of socio-economic subsystems with different spatial boundaries. Three kinds methods applied to Beijing City explicitly exhibited the accounting characteristics. Our research firstly suggests that urban carbon-based energy metabolism can be used to analyze the process and structure of urban energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Secondly, three kinds of accounting methods use different benchmarks to estimate urban energy use and CO2 emissions with their distinct strength and weakness. Thirdly, the empirical analysis in Beijing City demonstrate that the three kinds of methods are complementary and give different insights to discuss urban energy-induced CO2 emissions reduction. We deduce a conclusion that carbon reductions responsibility can be assigned in the light of production, consumption and shared responsibility based principles. Overall, from perspective of the industrial and energy restructuring and the residential lifestyle changes, our results shed new light on the analysis on the evolutionary mechanism and pattern of urban energy-induced CO2 emissions with the combination of three kinds of methods. And the spatial structure adjustment and technical progress provides further elements for consideration about the scenarios of change in urban energy use and CO2 emissions.     

Effect of Dietary Potassium on Growth,Nitrogen Metabolism,Osmoregulation and Immunity of Pacific White Shrimp （Litopenaeus vannamel） Reared in Low Salinity Seawater

An 8 weeks feeding experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary potassium on the growth and physio-logical acclimation of Pacific white shrimp （Litopenaeus vannamei） reared in diluted seawater （salinity 4）. Six semi-purified practical diets containing 0.59, 0.96, 1.26, 1.48, 1.74, and 2.17 g potassium K＋ per 100 g diet were formulated, respectively. The survival and feed conversion rate did not show significant difference among groups of shrimps given these diets （P〉0.05）. The shrimps fed the diets containing 0.96-1.48 g K＋ per 100g diet gained the highest weight, specific growth rate, and protein efficiency ratio. Their ammonium-N excretion rate as well as hemolymph concentration of Na＋ and C1- were significantly lower than those of the control （P〈0.05）, but a reverse trend was observed for their gill Na＋/K＋-ATPase. Moreover, the shrimps fed with 1.48 g K＋ per 100 g diet were the highest in hemolymph urea level, and the phenoloxidase and lysozyme activities were significantly higher than those of the control （P〈0.05）. The growth and physiological response of the test shrimps suggested that diet containing 1.48 g K＋ per 100 g diet improved the growth of L. vannamei in low-salinity seawater, and enhanced the physiological acclimation of the organism.     

Effect of dietary potassium on growth,nitrogen metabolism,osmoregulation and immunity of pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) reared in low salinity seawater

An 8 weeks feeding experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary potassium on the growth and physiological acclimation of Pacific white shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei) reared in diluted seawater(salinity 4). Six semi-purified practical diets containing 0.59, 0.96, 1.26, 1.48, 1.74, and 2.17+ g potassium K per 100 g diet were formulated, respectively. The survival and feed conversion rate did not show significant difference among groups of shrimps given these diets(P0.05). The shrimps fed the diets containing 0.96-1.48 g K+ per 100 g diet gained the highest weight, specific growth rate, and protein efficiency ratio. Their ammonium-N excretion rate as well as hemolymph concentration of Na+ and Cl- were significantly lower than those of the control(P0.05), but a reverse trend was observed for their gill Na+/K+-ATPase. Moreover, the shrimps fed with 1.48 g K+ per 100 g diet were the highest in hemolymph urea level, and the phenoloxidase and lysozyme activities were significantly higher than those of the control(P0.05). The growth and physiological response of the test shrimps suggested that diet containing 1.48 g K+ per 100 g diet improved the growth of L. vannamei in low-salinity seawater, and enhanced the physiological acclimation of the organism.     

Comparison of the respiratory metabolism of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei cultured in seawater and freshwater

Litopenaeus vannamei, a euryhaline species, can be cultured at a wide range of salinities. The emergence of freshwater pond-culture of L. vannamei is an important prelude to the continued development of shrimp culture in China. In this study, we compared the respiratory metabolism of juvenile L. vannamei cultured in freshwater and saltwater by measuring their oxygen consumption rate (OCR), ammonium-type nitrogen excretion rate (AER) and pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities at different molting stages in order to physiecologically characterize juvenile L. vannamei under freshwater conditions. The results showed that OCR was significantly higher in saltwater than in freshwater at all stages of molting cycle. However, variation of OCR among molting stages in saltwater was similar with that in freshwater, and the highest OCR was observed at post-molting stage. At all stages of molting cycle, AER was significantly higher in freshwater than in saltwater, and the highest was observed at post-molting stage. The activity of PK was significantly higher in saltwater than in freshwater. Conversely, the activity of LDH was higher in freshwater than in saltwater in general. Significant variation of PK and LDH activities in molting cycle was observed in saltwater and freshwater. The results indicated that aerobic metabolism of juvenile L. vannamei was more active in saltwater than in freshwater; while its protein metabolism was more active in freshwater than in saltwater.     

Downstream evolution of wastewater treatment plant nutrient signals using high-temporal monitoring

Wastewater treatment plants are major point-sources of nutrients to streams globally, but the impact on receiving streams is not always clear. Previous research has shown mixed responses in receiving streams, with some showing no net retention through in-stream processing for large distances below plants and some showing high rates of processing and retention. This study focuses on Sandy Run, a small, suburban stream in Montgomery County, PA, that receives effluent from two plants, where effluent makes up an estimated 50% of outlet discharge at baseflow. Two sites were monitored in late summer baseflow using high-temporal loggers to evaluate nitrate and phosphate retention with distance below the plants. Effluent quantity was monitored immediately below the effluent outfalls using specific conductivity as a conservative signal of solute fluctuations throughout the day. A site 1 km downstream showed diel nitrate changes, but despite moderate gross primary productivity and ecosystem respiration rates, there was little net retention of nutrients and the diel nitrate signal can be attributed to advection and dispersion of variable upstream effluent. A site 5.4 km below the plant showed a diel nitrate signal as well, but baseflow daily hysteresis plots of nitrate and specific conductivity showed the effluent and nitrate peaks did not coincide. Instead, the effluent input signal was seen overnight, but there was in-stream removal and release processes during the day. Over the distance to this site, the stream was metabolizing some of the high nutrient loads, although gross primary productivity and ecosystem respiration rates were lower. It is important to understand subdaily changes in nutrient processing to fully quantify the impacts of effluent on small streams at different scales. Furthermore, looking at the diel signal without considering conservative transport would overestimate in-stream processing.